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Demchak, J.; Morrow, T.; Skousen, J.; Donovan, J.J.; Rose, A.W. |
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Treatment of acid mine drainage by four vertical flow wetlands in Pennsylvania Evolution and remediation of acid-sulfate groundwater systems at reclaimed mine-sites |
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2001 |
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Geochemistry – Exploration, Environment, Analysis |
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1 |
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1 |
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71-80 |
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acid mine drainage alkalinity anaerobic environment Appalachian Plateau Appalachians carbonate rocks Clearfield County Pennsylvania constructed wetlands Eh equilibrium Filson Wetlands ground water Howe Bridge Wetlands hydrology Jefferson County Pennsylvania limestone McKinley Wetlands Mill Creek watershed Moose Creek movement North America passive methods Pennsylvania pH pollution reclamation sedimentary rocks Sommerville Wetlands systems United States water treatment watersheds wetlands 22 Environmental geology 02B Hydrochemistry |
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Abstract |
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious problem in many watersheds where coal is mined. Passive treatments, such as wetlands and anoxic limestone drains (ALDs), have been developed, but these technologies show varying treatment efficiencies. A new passive treatment technique is a vertical flow wetland or successive alkalinity producing system (SAPS). Four SAPS in Pennsylvania were studied to determine changes in water chemistry from inflow to outflow. The Howe Bridge SAPS removed about 130 mg l (super -1) (40%) of the inflow acidity concentration and about 100 mg l (super -1) (60%) iron (Fe). The Filson 1 SAPS removed 68 mg l (super -1) (26%) acidity, 20 mg l (super -1) (83%) Fe and 6 mg l (super -1) (35%) aluminium (Al). The Sommerville SAPS removed 112 mg l (super -1) (31%) acidity, exported Fe, and removed 13 mg l (super -1) (30%) Al. The McKinley SAPS removed 54 mg l (super -1) (91%) acidity and 5 mg l (super -1) (90%) Fe. Acid removal rates at our four sites were 17 (HB), 52 (Filson1), 18 (Sommerville) and 11 (McKinley) g of acid per m (super 2) of surface wetland area per day (g/m (super 2) d (super -1) ). Calcium (Ca) concentrations in the SAPS effluents were increased between 8 and 57 mg l (super -1) at these sites. Equilibrators, which were inserted into compost layers to evaluate redox conditions at our sites, showed that reducing conditions were generally found at 60 cm compost depths and oxidized conditions were found at 30 cm compost depths. Deeply oxidized zones substantiated observations that channel flow was occurring through some parts of the compost. The Howe Bridge site has not declined in treatment efficiency over a six year treatment life. The SAPS construction costs were equal to about seven years of NaOH chemical treatment costs and 30 years of lime treatment costs. So, if the SAPS treatment longevity is seven years or greater and comparable effluent water quality was achieved, the SAPS construction was cost effective compared to NaOH chemical treatment. Construction recommendations for SAPS include a minimum of 50 cm of compost thickness, periodic replacement or addition of fresh compost material, and increasing the number of drainage pipes underlying the limestone. |
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1467-7873 |
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Treatment of acid mine drainage by four vertical flow wetlands in Pennsylvania Evolution and remediation of acid-sulfate groundwater systems at reclaimed mine-sites; 2002-008380; References: 15; illus. incl. 5 tables United Kingdom (GBR); GeoRef; English |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 16518 |
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58 |
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Dumpleton, S. |
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Title |
Mitigation of minewater pollution; the need for research, monitoring and prevention |
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1998 |
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Earthwise (Keyworth) |
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12 |
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12-13 |
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acid mine drainage; coal mines; coal seams; disposal barriers; engineering geology; England; Europe; fractures; Great Britain; ground water; hydrogeology; hydrology; inorganic acids; mines; mining; mining geology; mitigation; pollution; pumping; remediation; runoff; sulfuric acid; surface water; United Kingdom; waste disposal; water table; Western Europe 22, Environmental geology |
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0967-9669 |
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Mitigation of minewater pollution; the need for research, monitoring and prevention; 1998-075248; illus. incl. sect. United Kingdom (GBR); GeoRef; English |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 6120 |
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399 |
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Earley, D., III; Schmidt, R.D.; Kim, K. |
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Title |
Is sustainable mining an oxymoron? |
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1997 |
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acids data processing development ground water leaching mineral resources mining mining geology models monitoring pollution production solutions 26A Economic geology, general, deposits 22 Environmental geology |
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Sustainable mining is generally considered to be an oxymoron because mineral deposits are viewed as nonrenewable resources that are fixed in the crust. However, minerals are conserved and recycled by plate tectonics which continually creates and destroys ore deposits. Though it is true that rock cycles have much longer periods than biomass cycles, the crust is essentially an infinite reservoir so long as we continue to invest in mineral exploration and processing technology. Implicit in the definition of sustainable development is the recognition that human development of resources in one reservoir may subsequently degrade resources supplied by another. The depreciation of overlapping and adjacent resources is often externalized in the cost to benefit accounting and cannot be sustained if the integrated cost/benefit ratio is greater than 1. The greatest obstacle to sustainability in mining is the expanding scale of excavation required to develop leaner ores because this activity degrades connected resources. In the case of open pit, sulfide ore mining the disturbed land may produce acid rock drainage (ARD). Because ARD will self-generate over the course of tens to hundreds of years the cost of controlling this pollution and rehabilitating mined lands is large and often spread over many generations. Secondary production of minerals from partially excavated deposits where there are preexisting environmental impacts and mine infrastructure help to reduce the risk of depreciating pristine resources, provided that new mining operations “do no (additional) harm” (Margoles, 1996). In turn, a percentage of the profits derived from secondary mineral production can be used for rehabilitation of the previously mined lands. These lands contain significant, albeit low grade, metal concentrations. These concepts are being developed and tested at the Mineral Park Sustainable Mining Research Facility where an in situ copper sulfide mining field experiment was conducted. Monitoring data and computer modeling indicate that ARD is not generated after closure. This is because the ore is not disturbed and is left saturated, whereas unsaturated conditions generate acidic drainage. The short term risk of groundwater contamination is mitigated by utilizing an exempt mine pit to capture any leach solutions that are not intercepted by the wellfield. Using green accounting techniques and transfer models it can be communicated that this mining scenario is an approach to sustainability. |
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Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America |
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Geological Society of America, 1997 annual meeting |
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1998-051450; Geological Society of America, 1997 annual meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, Oct. 20-23, 1997; GeoRef; English |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 16638 |
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396 |
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Author |
Faulkner, B.B.; Skousen, J.G.; Skousen, J.G.; Ziemkiewicz, P.F. |
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Title |
Treatment of acid mine drainage by passive treatment systems |
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Book Chapter |
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1996 |
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Acid mine drainage control and treatment |
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acid mine drainage; acidification; alkalinity; carbonate rocks; chemical reactions; constructed wetlands; controls; depositional environment; ground water; heavy metals; limestone; microorganisms; pollution; sedimentary rocks; substrates; surface water; techniques; United States; water pollution; water treatment; West Virginia; wetlands 22, Environmental geology |
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West Virginia University and the National Mine Land Reclamation Center |
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Morgantown |
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Treatment of acid mine drainage by passive treatment systems; GeoRef; English; 2004-051153; Edition: 2 References: 13; illus. incl. 4 tables |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 6363 |
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384 |
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Fernandez Rubio, R. |
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Un recurso valioso las aguas de mina. A valuable resource, mine waters |
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2001 |
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Industria y Mineria |
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345 |
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14-22 |
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acid mine drainage; Africa; aquifers; case studies; East Africa; Europe; ground water; hydrogeochemical exploration; hydrogeological survey; Iberian Peninsula; injection; mining; mining geology; open-pit mining; pollution; Portugal; Southern Europe; surface mining; surface water; underground mining; water supply; water treatment; Zambia 21, Hydrogeology |
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1137-8042 |
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Un recurso valioso las aguas de mina. A valuable resource, mine waters; 374358-2; illus. Spain (ESP); GeoRef In Process; Spanish |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 5784 |
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381 |
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