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Bates, M. H., Veenstra, J. N., Barber, J., Bernard, R., Karleskint, J., Khan, P., et al. (1990). Physical-chemical treatment of acid-mine water from a superfund site. Journal of Environmental Systems, 19(3), 237–263.
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Baker, K. A., Fennessy, M. S., & Mitsch, W. J. (1991). Designing wetlands for controlling coal mine drainage: an ecologic- economic modelling approach. Ecological Economics, 3(1), 1–24.
Abstract: A simulation model is developed of the efficiency and economics of an application of ecotechnology – using a created wetland to receive and treat coal mine drainage. The model examines the role of loading rates of iron on treatment efficiencies and the economic costs of wetland versus conventional treatment of mine drainage. It is calibrated with data from an Ohio wetland site and verified from multi-site data from Tennessee and Alabama. The model predicts that iron removal is closely tied to loading rates and that the cost of wetland treatment is less than that of conventional for iron loading rates of approximately 20-25 g Fe m “SUP -2” day “SUP -1” and removal efficiencies less than 85%. A wetland to achieve these conditions would cost approximately US$50 000 per year according to the model. When higher loading rates exist and higher efficiencies are needed, wetland systems are more costly than conventional treatment. -Authors
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Kalin, M., Cairns, J., & McCready, R. (1991). Ecological engineering methods for acid mine drainage treatment of coal wastes. Resources, conservation and recycling, 5(2-3), 265–275.
Abstract: The treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) through the utilization of alkali generating microbes has potential as an alternate approach to conventional lime treatment. Organic matter, a source of fixed carbon for the alkali generating microbial ecosystem, has been tested in 6 different types of AMD. The AMD characteristics range in acidities from 2 mg/l to 900 mg/l (CaCO3 equivalent), while sulphate concentrations range from 75 to 7300 mg/l. Alkali generating populations identified include iron reducers, sulphate reducers and ammonifiers. In coal AMD amended with organic matter, the microbial alkali generation is dominated by ammonifiers. Concentrations of Al, Fe and Zn in the AMD water decreased with concurrent increases in pH (3.2 to 6.5) in localized areas in the test cells.
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Skousen, J. G. (1991). An Evaluation Of Acid-Mine Drainage Treatment Systems And Costs. Environmental Management for the 1990s, , 173–178.
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Skousen, J. G. (1991). Anoxic limestone drains for acid mine drainage treatment. Green Lands, 21(4), 30–35.
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