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Swoboda-Colberg, N., Colberg, P., & Smith, J. L. (1994). Constructed vertical flow aerated wetlands.
Abstract: In the report, wetland technology is described in which the main reactive layer is limestone gravel (rather than organic material) which is overlain by a fine gravel filter and soil. The three-year project included laboratory and field studies. Vertical aerated wetlands, simulated by columns, constructed in the field and in the laboratory, were operated during the project. The report presents a summary of results given in previous reports and summaries of results obtained using water from Butte, MT, and field studies at the Rockford Tunnel, near Idaho Springs, CO.
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Stefanoff, J. G., & Kim, Y. K. (1994). Reduction of leachability of heavy metals in acid mine drainage. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Environ. Sci. Eng., 29(2), 371–388.
Abstract: The leaching characteristics of sludges from the treatment of acid mine drainage(AMD) from Iron Mountain Mine near Redding, California were compared using two different processes: caustic soda treatment and a modified lime/sulfide treatment process. The modified lime/sulfide process produced a sludge with better dewaterability characteristics than sludge from the caustic soda process. The results of the Cal WET indicated that the modified lime/sulfide process sludge had less leachability than that of sludge from the caustic soda process. Both processes could achieve a substantial reduction of heavy metals in leachate to levels below the federal regulatory limits(TCLP). For cadmium and zinc, however, neither process produced a sludge that met the requirements of the Cal WET procedure.
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St-Arnaud, L. C. (1994). Water covers for the decommissioning of sulfidic mine tailings impoundments. In Special Publication – United States. Bureau of Mines, Report: BUMINES-SP-06A-94 (pp. 279–287). Proceedings of the International land reclamation and mine drainage conference and Third international conference on The abatement of acidic drainage; Volume 1 of 4; Mine drainage.
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Stark, L. R., & Williams, F. M. (1994). The roles of spent mushroom substrate for the mitigation of coal mine drainage. Compost Science and Utilization, 2(4), 84–94.
Abstract: Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has been used widely in coal mining regions of the USA as the primary substrate in constructed wetlands for the treatment of coal mine drainage. In laboratory and mesocosm studies, SMS has emerged as one of the substrates for mine water treatment. Provided the pH of the mine water does not fall below 3.0, SMS can be used in the mitigation plan. However, neither Mn nor dissolved ferric Fe appears to be treatable using reducing SMS wetlands. Since after a few years much of the nonrefractive organic carbon in SMS wil have been decomposed and metabolized, carbon supplementation can significantly extend the life of the SMS treatment wetland and improve water treatment. -from Authors
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Peterson, D. E., & Kindley, M. J. (1994). The Golden Cross Mine water management system. New Zealand Mining, 14, 15–21.
Abstract: Because of its location in the sensitive Coromandel Peninsula, strict water management and environmental requirements had to be met on the Golden Cross Mine Project. This led to the development of new technologies for cyanide recovery and the adoption of advanced water management and water treatment systems. This paper discusses the water management and treatment system adopted for contaminated water at Golden Cross. While permit discharge levels must be and are met for mine discharge waters, the ultimate success of the water management system is demonstrated by the results downstream; biological surveys show no changes to the resident aquatic life in the river.
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