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Zamzow, M. J., & Schultze, L. E. (1993). Treatment of acid mine drainage using natural zeolites. International Conference on the Occurrence, Properties, and Utilization of Natural Zeolites, 1993, 220–221.
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Amacher, M. C., Brown, R. W., Kotuby-Amacher, J., & Willis, A. (1993). Adding sodium hydroxide to study metal removal in a stream affected by acid mine drainage. Research Paper, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 465(17).
Abstract: Fisher Creek, a stream affected by acid mine drainage in the Beartooth Mountains of Montana, was studied to determine the extent to which copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) would be removed from stream water when pH was increased by a pulse of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Although the pH adjustment study indicated that precipitated Fe(OH) “SUB 3” (am) could rapidly remove Cu and Zn from a stream affected by acid mine drainage, the pH should be maintained in an optimal range (7 to 8.5) to maximize removal by adsorption. -from Authors
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Diamond, J. M., Bower, W., & Gruber, D. (1993). Use of man-made impoundment in mitigating acid mine drainage in the North Branch Potomac River. Environ. Manage., 17, 14.
Abstract: The US Department of the Army, Baltimore District Corps of Engineers, oversees a long-term monitoring study to assess and evaluate effects of the Jennings-Randolph reservoir on biota in the North Branch Potomac River. The reservoir was intended, in part, to mitigate effects of acid mine drainage originating in upstream and headwater areas. The present study assessed recovery of benthos and fish in this system, six years after completion of the reservoir. Higher pH and lower iron and sulfate concentrations were observed upstream of the reservoir compared to preimpoundment conditions, suggesting better overall water quality in the upper North Branch. Water quality improved slightly directly downstream of the reservoir. However, the reservoir itself was poorly colonized by macrophytes and benthic organisms, and plankton composition suggested either metal toxicity and/or nutrient limitation. One large tributary to the North Branch and the reservoir (Stony River) was shown to have high (and possibly toxic) levels of manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum due to subsurface coal mine drainage. Macroinvertebrate diversity and number of taxa were higher in sites downstream of the reservoir in the present study. Compared with previous years, the present study suggested relatively rapid recovery in the lower North Branch due to colonization from two major unimpacted tributaries in this system: Savage River and South Branch Potomac. Abundance of certain mayfly species across sites provided the most clear evidence of longitudinal gradients in water quality parameters and geomorphology. Fish data were consistent with macroinvertebrate results, but site-to-site variation in species composition was greater. Data collected between 1982 and 1987 suggested that certain fish species have unsuccessfully attempted to colonize sites directly downstream of the reservoir despite the more neutral pH water there. Our results show that recovery of biota in the North Branch Potomac was attributed to decreased acid inputs from mining operations and dilution from the Savage River, which contributed better water quality. Continued improvement of North Branch Potomac biota may not be expected unless additional mitigation attempts, either within the reservoir or upstream, are undertaken.
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Hayward, D., & Barnard, R. (1993). Treatment of acid mine wastewaters. Behandlung saurer Grubenwässer. World Mining Equipment, 17(6), 36–37.
Abstract: Überblick über einschlägige Verfahren zum Ausfällen der sauren Betandteile, Entfernen der Schwermetalle, und Einstellen des pH-Wertes auf einen Wert von 6 bis 9. Hauptsächliche Verfahren zum Ausfällen sind: Ausfällen mit Kalkhydrat (Ca(OH)2), mit Kalkstein, Calcium- oder Natriumsulfid. Durch Abtrennen des Niederschlages in einem Kläreindicker und zusätzliche Reinigung durch Filtrieren kann ein Anteil von 90% der unlöslichen Schwermetallverbindungen entfernt werden. Allgemein wird mit diesem Verfahren ein Standardgehalt von 5 mg/l erreicht. Durch zusätzliche Anwendung physikochemischer Verfahren kann der Schwermetallgehalt weiter gesenkt werden: Mikrofiltration, Umkehrosmose, Elektrodialyse, Ionenaustausch, biochemische und spezielle chemische Verfahren können je nach Eigenart der Grubenwässer verwendet werden.
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Rabenhorst, M. C., & James, B. R. (1993). Acid mine drainage remediation via sulfidization in wetlands Fiscal year 1992 annual report.
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