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McConchie, D. M., Clark, M., Hanahan, C., & Baun, R. (2000). New treatments for the old problems of acid mine drainage and sulphidic mine tailings storage.
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Ziemkiewicz, P. F., Skousen, J. G., Skousen, J. G., & Ziemkiewicz, P. F. (1996). Overview of acid mine drainage at-source control strategies. In Acid mine drainage control and treatment. Morgantown: West Virginia University and the National Mine Land Reclamation Center.
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Anonymous, Unten, L., Wildeman, T. R., & Gusek, J. J. (1998). Passive treatment for contaminants in mine waters Effluent treatment in the mining industry. In S. H. Castro, F. Vergara, & M. A. Sanchez (Eds.),. Concepcion: University of Concepcion.
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Ziemkiewicz, P. F., Skousen, J. G., Skousen, J. G., & Ziemkiewicz, P. F. (1996). Prevention of acid mine drainage by alkaline addition. In Acid mine drainage control and treatment. Morgantown: West Virginia University and the National Mine Land Reclamation Center.
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Berg, G. J., & Arthur, B. (1999). Proposed mine water treatment in Wisconsin. In D. Goldsack, N. Belzile, P. Yearwood, & G. J. Hall (Eds.), Sudbury '99; mining and the environment II; Conference proceedings. Sudbury: Sudbury Environmental.
Abstract: Water quality standards are driving wastewater effluent limits to ultra-low levels in the nanogram/L range. Standards are proposed that require discharges to match background water quality. The new ultra-low level standards require cautious sampling techniques, super clean laboratory methods and more advanced treatment technologies. This paper follows a case history through water quality standards for ultra-low metals, laboratory selection, and the design of a wastewater treatment system that can meet the water quality standards which are required to permit a proposed copper and zinc mine in Northern Wisconsin. A high degree of care must be taken when sampling for ultra-low level metals. Both surface water and treated effluent samples present new challenges. Sampling methods used must assure that there are no unwanted contaminants being introduced to the samples. The selection of a laboratory is as critical as the construction of a state of the art wastewater treatment system. Treatment methods such as lime and sulfide precipitation have had a high degree of success, but they do have limitations. Given today's ultra-low standards, it is necessary to assess the ability of reverse osmosis, deionization, and evaporation to provide the high level of treatment required.
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