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Van Hille, R.P.; Boshoff, G.A.; Rose, P.D.; Duncan, J.R. |
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Title |
A continuous process for the biological treatment of heavy metal contaminated acid mine water |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Resour. Conserv. Recycl. |
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27 |
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1-2 |
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157-167 |
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mine water treatment biological treatment heavy metal acid mine water alkaline precipitation green-algae chlorella |
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Abstract |
Alkaline precipitation of heavy metals from acidic water streams is a popular and long standing treatment process. While this process is efficient it requires the continuous addition of an alkaline material, such as lime. In the long term or when treating large volumes of effluent this process becomes expensive, with costs in the mining sector routinely exceeding millions of rands annually. The process described below utilises alkalinity generated by the alga Spirulina sp., in a continuous system to precipitate heavy metals. The design of the system separates the algal component from the metal containing stream to overcome metal toxicity. The primary treatment process consistently removed over 99% of the iron (98.9 mg/l) and between 80 and 95% of the zinc (7.16 mg/l) and lead (2.35 mg/l) over a 14-day period (20 l effluent treated). In addition the pH of the raw effluent was increased from 1.8 to over 7 in the post-treatment stream. Secondary treatment and polishing steps depend on the nature of the effluent treated. In the case of the high sulphate effluent the treated stream was passed into an anaerobic digester at a rate of 4 l/day. The combination of the primary and secondary treatments effected a removal of over 95% of all metals tested for as well as a 90% reduction in the sulphate load. The running cost of such a process would be low as the salinity and nutrient requirements for the algal culture could be provided by using tannery effluent or a combination of saline water and sewage. This would have the additional benefit of treating either a tannery or sewage effluent as part of an integrated process. |
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0921-3449 |
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Jul; A continuous process for the biological treatment of heavy metal contaminated acid mine water; Isi:000081142100017; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/9937.pdf; AMD ISI | Wolkersdorfer |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 9937 |
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26 |
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Jarvis, A.P.; Younger, P.L. |
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Title |
Passive treatment of ferruginous mine waters using high surface area media |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
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Water Res. |
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35 |
Issue |
15 |
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3643-3648 |
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mine water treatment passive treatment mine water accretion oxidation iron manganese water treatment |
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Rapid oxidation and accretion of iron onto high surface area media has been investigated as a potential passive treatment option for ferruginous, net-alkaline minewaters. Two pilot-scale reactors were installed at a site in County Durham, UK. Each 2.0m high cylinder contained different high surface area plastic trickling filter media. Ferruginous minewater was fed downwards over the media at various flow-rates with the objective of establishing the efficiency of iron removal at different loading rates. Residence time of water within the reactors was between 70 and 360s depending on the flow-rate (1 and 12l/min, respectively). Average influent total iron concentration for the duration of these experiments was 1.43mg/l (range 1.08-1.84mg/l; n=16), whilst effluent iron concentrations averaged 0.41mg/l (range 0.20-1.04mg/l; n=15) for Reactor A and 0.38mg/l (range 0.11-0.93mg/l; n=16) for Reactor B. There is a strong correlation between influent iron load and iron removal rate. Even at the highest loading rates (approximately 31.6g/day) 43% and 49% of the total iron load was removed in Reactors A and B, respectively. At low manganese loading rates (approximately 0.50-0.90g/day) over 50% of the manganese was removed in Reactor B. Iron removal rate (g/m3/d) increases linearly with loading rate (g/day) up to 14g/d and the slope of the line indicates that a mean of 85% of the iron is removed. In conclusion, it appears that the oxidation and accretion of ochre on high surface area media may be a promising alternative passive technology to constructed wetlands at certain sites. |
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0043-1354 |
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Oct; Passive treatment of ferruginous mine waters using high surface area media; 9; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/9698.pdf; AMD ISI | Wolkersdorfer |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 9698 |
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27 |
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Masarczyk, J.; Hansson, C.H.; Solomon, R.L.; Hallmans, B. |
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Desalination Plant at Kwk-debiensko, Poland – Advanced Mine Drainage Water-treatment Engineering for Zero Discharge |
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Journal Article |
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1989 |
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Desalination |
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75 |
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1-3 |
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259-287 |
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mine water treatment |
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The river water in Poland has, to a great extent, such a high salinity that it cannot be used as drinking water, agricultural or industrial water. A large environmental project is now under progress in Katowice, Poland, in order to eliminate the wastewater discharge from two coal mines — Debiensko and Budryk. The highly brackish water will be desalinated in a reverse osmosis plant, followed by vapor compression distillation with seed crystals (RCC), crystallization and sodium chloride drying. This zero discharge process will produce about 8,000 m3/d drinking water an 370 tonnes/d NaCl. The paper describes the design of the plant. Trial operation of pre-treatment and reverse osmosis in a pilot plant for design of the full-scale plant at Debiensko is described in a separate paper. |
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0011-9164 |
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Desalination Plant at Kwk-debiensko, Poland – Advanced Mine Drainage Water-treatment Engineering for Zero Discharge; Isi:A1989cf92100018; AMD ISI | Wolkersdorfer |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 9786 |
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28 |
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Turek, M.; Gonet, M. |
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Nanofiltration in the utilization of coal-mine brines |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Desalination |
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108 |
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1-3 |
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171-177 |
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Entsalzung Entsalzungsanlage Umkehrosmose Membran Kohlenbergwerk Natriumchlorid Abwasser Verdampfung Energieverbrauch Nanofiltration mine water treatment |
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The utilization of saline coal mine waters is considered to be the most adequate method of solving ecological problems caused by this kind of water in Poland. In the case of most concentrated waters, the so-called coalmine brines, the method of concentrating by evaporation in a twelve-stage expansion installation or vapour compression is applied, after which sodium chloride is manufactured. A considerable restriction in the utilization of coal mine brines is the high energy consumption in these methods of evaporation. An obstacle in the application of low energy evaporation processes, e.g. multi-stage flash, is the high concentration of calcium and sulfate ions in the coal mine brines. The present paper deals with the application of nanofiltration in the pretreatment of the brine. The application of nanofiltration membranes with an adequate pore size, including charged membranes, makes it possible to decrease the concentration of divalent ions in the permeate practically without any changes in the concentration of sodium chloride. Then the permeate may be concentrated in a multi-stage evaporation process, e.g. MSF, without any risk of the crystallization of gypsum. A combination of NF and MSF ought to set down the unit costs of the concentration of coal mine brines below those of mere evaporation. |
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0011-9164 |
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Feb; Nanofiltration in the utilization of coal-mine brines; Wos:A1997wk45600023; Times Cited: 1; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/8724.pdf; ISI Web of Science |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 8724 |
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29 |
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Arnekleiv, J.V.; Storset, L. |
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Downstream effects of mine drainage on benthos and fish in a Norwegian river; a comparison of the situation before and after river rehabilitation |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Heavy metal aspects of mining pollution and its remediation |
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52 |
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35-43 |
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Chordata copper Europe experimental studies fluvial environment Gaula River metals Norway Pisces pollutants pollution reclamation Scandinavia trace metals Vertebrata Western Europe zinc 22, Environmental geology |
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Parts of the Norwegian river Gaula are strongly polluted from former mining activity in the area. In the most polluted parts of the river the concentration levels of Cu and Zn in 1986-1987 were up to 155 mu g l (super -1) and 186 mu g l (super -1) , respectively. In 1989 the spoil heaps in the mining area were covered with protective layers of moss-covered plastic. In 1991-1992 the concentration levels of Cu and Zn had decreased by 75% and 65%, respectively. Animal life in the polluted area seemed to be strongly affected by the trace metals in 1986-1987. The 1991-1992 results showed a marked increase in the number of species and in the number of individuals of each species of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, compared with the results from 1986-87. Good correlations were found between the concentrations of Cu in the water and both the number of species and the number of individuals of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Analysis of the species Baetis rhodani, Diura nanseni and Rhyacophila nubila showed an average total dry weight content of Cu up to 264 mu g g (super -1) , of Zn up to 1930 mu g g (super -1) and of Cd up to 16 mu g g (super -1) . The contents of the three trace metals were significantly different from one species to another and in part between the stations for each species. In 1987 trout died after an exposure of one to two days on three test sites in the river, whereas in 1991-1992 40-75% of the trout survived an exposure period of several weeks at two of the sites. Electrofishing in 1991-1992 indicated recolonization of trout in the lower parts of the former affected and uninhabitable area. |
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Downstream effects of mine drainage on benthos and fish in a Norwegian river; a comparison of the situation before and after river rehabilitation; 1995-033037; 9th international conference on Heavy metals in the environment, Toronto, ON, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993 Special Issue References: 23; illus. incl. 2 tables; GeoRef; English |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 16683 |
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30 |
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