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Bochkarev, G. R., Beloborodov, A. V., Kondrat'ev, S. A., & Pushkareva, G. I. (1994). Intensification of Aeration in treating Natural-Water and Mine Water. J. Min. Sci., 30(6), 5.
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Ericsson, B., & Hallmans, B. (1994). Treatment and Disposal of Saline Waste-water from Coal-mines in Poland. Desalination, 98(1-3), 239–248.
Abstract: Some Polish coal mines are reviewed with respect to the disposal of saline wastewater into rivers and its environmental impact. The drainage water from mines has a daily contribution of, in the order of magnitude, 6,500 tons chlorides (Cl-) and 0.5 tons sulphates (SO42-) to the rivers Wisla and Odra. The river Wisla contributes to about 55 % of the water resources in Poland. This report is based on a part of a commission for the Ministry of Environmental Protection, National Resources and Forestry ofPoland by COWI-VBB VIAK joint venture.Different treatment and disposal schemes are described and compared from a technical-economical point of view, out of which methods for desalination with zero discharge as well as deep well injection are the most promising ones.The desalination methods include reverse osmosis (RO) plant, thermal powered desalination and crystallization plant as well as facilities for dewatering and drying of sodium chloride (NaCl) to be sold in Poland and/or on the export market, The valuable main products are potable water, boiler feed water and sodium chloride. A special problem in this connection may be the radioactivity in the wastewater from some of the mines. Special treatment methods for radioactivity removal in the selected treatment and disposal scheme for the mine wastewater are discussed with respect to the effects of radioactivity on the saleability of the recovered salt. In addition methods for recovery of the by-products magnesium hydroxide, iodine and bromine are considered from the point of view of economy and environmental protection.Finally, the desalination project in Katowice for the coal mines Debiensko and Budryk is now in the end of the construction phase. Some modifications of the original design ace shown.
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Kepler, D. A., & Mc Cleary, E. C. (1994). Successive Alkalinity-Producing Systems (SAPS) for the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage. Proceedings, International Land Reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference, 1, 195–204.
Abstract: Constructed wetland treatment system effectiveness has been limited by the alkalinity-producing, or acidity-neutralizing, capabilities of systems. Anoxic limestone drains (ALD's) have allowed for the treatment of approximately 300 mg/L net acidic mine drainage, but current design guidance precludes using successive ALD's to generate alkalinity in excess of 300 mg/L because of concerns with dissolved oxygen. “Compost” wetlands designed to promote bacterially mediated sulfate reduction are suggested as a means of generating alkalinity required in excess of that produced by ALD's. Compost wetlands create two basic needs of sulfate reducing bacteria; anoxic conditions resulting from the inherent oxygen demand of the organic substrate, and quasi-circumneutral pH values resulting from the dissolution of the carbonate fraction of the compost. However, sulfate reduction treatment area needs are generally in excess of area availability and/or cost effectiveness. Second generation alkalinity-producing systems demonstrate that a combination of existing treatment mechanisms has the potential to overcome current design concerns and effectively treat acidic waters ad infinitum. Successive alkalinity-producing systems (SAPS) combine ALD technology with sulfate reduction mechanisms. SAPS promote vertical flow through rich organic wetland substrates into limestone beds beneath the organic compost, discharging the pore waters. SAPS allow for conservative wetland treatment sizing calculations to be made as a rate function based on pH and alkalinity values and associated contaminant loadings. SAPS potentially decrease treatment area requirements and have the further potential to generate alkalinity in excess of acidity regardless od acidity concentrations.
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Bechard, G. (1994). Use Of Cellulosic Substrates For The Microbial Treatment Of Acid-Mine Drainage. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23(1), 111–116.
Abstract: A mixed aerobic-anaerobic microbial treatment process was developed previously for acid mine drainage (AMD) using straw as a substrate. The process was effective only if AMD was supplemented with sucrose. The present study was conducted to determine which, if any, of three cellulosic materials could sustain the microbial treatment of AMD without the addition of a sucrose amendment and to determine the effect of the retention time on the performance of the reactors. The performance of small reactors that treated simulated AMD in the continuous mode was evaluated using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay, and straw with a 5 d retention time. Parameters measured were pH, Fe, Al, sulfate, and ammonium. Timothy hay and straw sustained AMD mitigation for 3 wk, and thereafter all activity ceased. After the reactors ceased treating AMD, the mitigative activities were reinitiated by the addition of sucrose, but not by urea. Alfalfa sustained AMD mitigation for a longer time period than either straw or timothy. The effect of three retention times, 3.5, 7, and 35 d, was then investigated for reactors containing fresh alfalfa. Increasing the retention time resulted in better metal removal and a greater pH increase. With a 7-d retention time, 75 L of simulated AMD were neutralized from a pH of 3.5 to a pH value greater than 6.5. Reactors operating with a 3.5-d retention time treated only 58.3 L of simulated AMD before failing. Ammonium was detected in effluents of active reactors. The results of this study indicate that a low maintenance microbial treatment system can be developed with alfalfa as a substrate without the addition of a sucrose amendment.
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Bhole, A. G. (1994). Acid-Mine Drainage And Its Treatment. Impact of Mining on the Environment, , 131–141.
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