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Davies, G. J., Holmes, M., Wireman, M., King, K., Gertson, J. N., & Stefanic, J. M. (2001). Water tracing at scales of hours to decades as an aid to estimating hydraulic characteristics of the Leadville Mine drainage tunnel.
Abstract: The Leadville Mine Drainage Tunnel (LMDT) is a 3.3 kilometer structure that was constructed in the complicated geology of the Leadville mine district in the 1940's. Discharge from the LMDT is impacted by heavy metals and is treated at a plant built in 1992 operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. On the surface waste rock and other remnants of the mining operations litter the landscape and this material is exposed to precipitation. As a result of contact with this material, surface water often has pH of less than 3 and its containment and disposal is necessary before it impacts surface drainage and the nearby Arkansas River. Using a borehole drilled into the mine workings the U.S. EPA has devised a plan in which the impacted water is contained on the surface which then can be discharged into the mine workings to discharge from the LMDT and be treated. The percentage of water discharging from the mining district along the drainage tunnel is unknown, and since there is no access, information about the condition of the tunnel with regards to blockages is also relatively obscure. Application of quantitative water tracing using fluorescent dyes was used to model the flow parameters at the scale of hours in the tunnel and evaluate the likelihood of blockages. Because the tunnel has intersected several lithologies and faults, other locations such as discharging shafts, adits and surface streams that could be hydraulically connected to the LMDT were also monitored. An initial tracer experiment was done using an instantaneous injection, which was followed by additional injections of water. Another tracer injection was done when there was a continuous flow of impacted water into the workings. Analysis of the tracer concentration responses at water-filled shafts and at the portal were used to model the flow along the tunnel and estimate several hydraulic parameters. Waters in these settings are mixtures of components with different residence times, so, qualitative tritium data were used to evaluate residence times of decades. The combined injected tracer and tritium data as well as other geochemical data were used to infer the nature of flow and recharge into the tunnel.
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Gerth, A., & Kießig, G. (2001). (A. Leeson, Ed.). Phytoremediation, wetlands and sediments. (6)5: Battelle Press.
Abstract: Treatment of radioactively-contaminated and metal-laden mine waters and of seepage fiom tailings ponds and waste rock piles is among the key issues facing WISMUT GmbH in their task to remediate the legacy of uranium mining and processing in the Free States of saxony and rhuringia, Federal Republic of Germany. Generally, contaminant loads of feed waters wn aimnisn over time. At a certain level of costs for the removal of one contaminant unit, continued operation of conventional water treatment plants can hardly be justified any longer. As treatment is still required for water protection, there is an urgent need for-the development and implementation of more cost efficient technologies. WISMUT GmbH and BioPlanta GmbH have studied the suitability of helophye species for contaminant removal from mine waters. In a fust step, original waters were used for an in vitro bioassay. The test results allowed for the determination of the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on helophy'tes'tolerancer ange, growth, and uptake capability of radionuclides and metals. Test series were carried out using Phiagmites australis, Carex disticha, Typha latifolia, and Juncus effusus. Relevant cont-aminant components of the mine waters under investigation included uraniunl iron, arsenic, manganese, nickel, and copper. Investigations led to a number of recommendations conceming plant selection for specific water treatment needs. In a second step, based on these results, a constructed wetland was built in l99g as a pilot plant for the treatment of flood waters liom the pöhla-Tellerhäuser mine and went on-line. Relevant constituents of the neutral flood waters include radium, iron, and arsenic. This wetland specifically uses both physico-chemical and microbiological processes as well as contaminant accumulation by helophytes to achieve the treatment objectives. with the pilot plant in operation for three years now, average removal rates achieved are 95 Yo for kon, 86 yo for arsenic, and 75 % for raäium. WISMUT GmbH intends to put a number of other projects of passive/biological mine water treatment into operation before the end of 2001_
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Bannister, A. F. (1997). (L. Younger Paul, Ed.). Minewater Treatment Using Wetlands. London: Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management.
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Isaacson, A. E., & Jeffers, T. H. (1995). Acid mine drainage remediation through applied water treatment systems Pollution prevention for process engineering. In P. E. Richardson, B. J. Scheiner, & Jr. F. Lanzetta (Eds.),. New York: Engineering Foundation.
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Smit, J. P. (1999). (R. Fernández Rubio, Ed.). Mine, Water & Environment. Ii: International Mine Water Association.
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