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Rees, B., Bowell, R., Dey, M., & Williams, K. (2001). Passive treatment; a walk away solution? Mining Environmental Management, 9(2), 7–8.
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Benkovics, I., Csicsák, J., Csövári, M., Lendvai, Z., & Molnár, J. (1997). Mine Water Treatment – Anion-exchange and Membrane Process. Proceedings, 6th International Mine Water Association Congress, Bled, Slovenia, 1, 149–157.
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Nakazawa, H. (2006). Treatment of acid mine drainage containing iron ions and arsenic for utilization of the sludge. Sohn International Symposium Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials, Vol 9, , 373–381.
Abstract: An acid mine drainage in abandoned Horobetsu mine in Hokkaido, Japan, contains arsenic and iron ions; total arsenic ca.10ppm, As(III) ca. 8.5ppm, total iron 379ppm, ferrous iron 266ppm, pH1.8. Arsenic occurs mostly as arsenite (As (III)) or arsenate (As (V)) in natural water. As(III) is more difficult to be remove than As(V), and it is necessary to oxidize As(III) to As(V) for effective removal. 5mL of the mine drainage or its filtrate through the membrane filter (pore size 0.45 mu m) were added to arsenite solutions (pH1.8) with the concentration of 5ppm. After the incubation of 30 days, As(III) was oxidized completely with the addition of the mine drainage while the oxidation did not occur with the addition of filtrate, indicating the microbial oxidation of As(III). In this paper, we have investigated the microbial oxidation of As(III) in acid water below pH2.0.
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Botha, G. R., Sanderson, R. D., & Buckley, C. A. (1992). Brief Historical Review of Membrane-development and Membrane Applications in Waste-water Treatment in Southern Africa. Water Sci. Technol., 25(10), 1–4.
Abstract: Away back in 1953 few people in the world, let alone South Africa, knew or had heard about membrane desalination, but there was an increasing awareness that electrodialysis had considerable potential for the desalination of brackish water.In South Africa the development of the new gold fields in the northern Orange Free State and the problems posed by the presence of excessive volumes of very saline mine waters stimulated interest in desalination and the CSIR* in collaboration with the mining industry became involved in the development of the electrodialysis process. By 1959 the largest brackish desalination plant in the world had been built and commissioned. South Africans were thus in the forefront of this technology, even to the extent of making the required membranes locally.Our historical review of membrane development and the applications of membrane technology in Southern Africa encompasses both pressure- and voltage-driven processes. Examples of the pressure processes are microfiltration, ultrafiltration and charged membrane ultrafiltration or nanofiltration, and finally reverse osmosis with fixed and dynamically formed membranes. The voltage-drive processes considered are electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal.
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