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Bowell, R. J. (2000). Sulphate and salt minerals; the problem of treating mine waste. Mining Environmental Management, 8(3), 11–13.
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Reiser, D. W., Vitter, M. W., & Todd, J. (1982). Reclamation of a Colorado stream impacted by acid mine drainage. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Fisheries Society, Colorado Wyoming Chapter, 17, 120–132.
Abstract: A heavy metals treatment plant was designed to eradicate the water quality problems of the acid drainage. Within a month following plant operation, aquatic invertebrates were observed in the stream and within 2-3 months fish were recovered throughout the stream reach. -from Sport Fishery Abstracts
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Guo, F., & Yu, H. (1993). Hydrogeochemistry and treatment of acid mine drainage in southern China. In B. A. Zamora, & R. E. Connolly (Eds.), Proceedings of the Annual National Meeting – American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, vol.10 (pp. 277–283). The challenge of integrating diverse perspectives in reclamation.
Abstract: Coal mines and various sulfide ore deposits are widely distributed in Southern China. Acid mine drainage associated with coal and metal sulfide deposits affects water quality in some mined areas of Southern China. Mining operations accelerate this natural deterioration of water quality by exposing greater surface areas of reactive minerals to the weathering effects of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Some approaches to reduce the effects of acid mine drainage on water quality are adopted, and they can be divided into two aspects: (a) Man-made control technology based on long-term monitoring of acid mine drainage; and, (b) Neutralization of acidity through the addition of lime. It is important that metals in the waste water are removed in the process of neutralization. A new method for calculating neutralization dosage is applied. It is demonstrated that the calculated value is approximately equal to the actual required value.
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Nairn, R. W., Griffin, B. C., Strong, J. D., & Hatley, E. L. (2001). Remediation challenges and opportunities at the Tar Creek Superfund Site, Oklahoma. In R. Vincent, J. A. Burger, G. G. Marino, G. A. Olyphant, S. C. Wessman, R. G. Darmody, et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Annual National Meeting – American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, vol.18 (pp. 579–584).
Abstract: The Tar Creek Superfund Site is a portion of the abandoned lead and zinc mining area known as the Tri-State Mining District (OK, KS and MO) and includes over 100 square kilometers of disturbed land surface and contaminated water resources in extreme northeastern Oklahoma. Underground mining from the 1890s through the 1960s degraded over 1000 surface hectares, and left nearly 50 km of tunnels, 165 million tons of processed mine waste materials (chat), 300 hectares of tailings impoundments and over 2600 open shafts and boreholes. Approximately 94 million cubic meters of contaminated water currently exist in underground voids. In 1979, metal-rich waters began to discharge into surface waters from natural springs, bore holes and mine shafts. Six communities are located within the boundaries of the Superfund site. Approximately 70% of the site is Native American owned. Subsidence and surface collapse hazards are of significant concern. The Tar Creek site was listed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1983 and currently receives a Hazard Ranking System score of 58.15, making Tar Creek the nation's number one NPL site. A 1993 Indian Health Service study demonstrated that 35% of children had blood lead levels above thresholds dangerous to human health. Recent remediation efforts have focused on excavation and replacement of contaminated residential areas. In January 2000, Governor Frank Keating's Tar Creek Task Force was created to take a “vital leadership role in identifying solutions and resources available to address” the myriad environmental problems. The principle final recommendation was the creation of a massive wetland and wildlife refuge to ecologically address health, safety, environmental, and aesthetic concerns. Additional interim measures included continuing the Task Force and subcommittees; study of mine drainage discharge and chat quality; construction of pilot treatment wetlands; mine shaft plugging; investigations of bioaccumulation issues; establishment of an authority to market and export chat, a local steering committee, and a GIS committee; and development of effective federal, state, tribal, and local partnerships.
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Goodman, G. T. (1974). Ecology and the problems of rehabilitating wastes from mineral extraction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 339(1618), 373–387.
Abstract: Environmental problems which may be associated with mineral extraction are: (a) the visual ugliness of open pits, waste tips, and working mess; (b) the nuisance of wind- and water-borne dusts; (c) the health hazards to wildlife, crops, livestock and man of locally increased environmental burdens of potentially toxic metals (e.g. Pb, Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Ni) derived from wind- and water-borne mine dusts and smelter smokes; (d) the safety hazards of surface subsidence and tip-slippage from deep-mining. All these disamenities can be cured or reduced by the reclamation process which involves a blend of socio-economic, legal, planning, civil engineering and biological expertise devoted to development planning, site purchase, land clearance, land forming, stabilization, drainage and revegetation of the affected site
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