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Cravotta, C. A., III, Watzlaf, G. R., Naftz, D. L., Morrison, S. J., Fuller, C. C., & Davis, J. A. (2002). Design and performance of limestone drains to increase pH and remove metals from acidic mine drainage Handbook of groundwater remediation using permeable reactive barriers; applications to radionuclides, trace metals, and nutrients.. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
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Zinck, J. (2006). Icard 2006. St. Louis: Proceedings, International Conference of Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD).
Abstract: Sludge management is an escalating concern as the inventory of sludge continues to grow through perpetual “pump and treat” of acidic waters at mine sites. Current sludge management practices, in general, are ad hoc and frequently do not adress long-term storage, and in some cases, long-term stability. While a variety of sludge disposal practices have been applied, many have not been fully investigated and monitoring data on the performance of these technologies is limited and not readily available. This paper discusses options for treatment sludge management including conventionale disposal technologies and options for reclamation of sludge areas.
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Ziemkiewicz, P., Skousen, J., & Simmons, J. (2001). Cost benefit analysis of passive treatment systems.
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Watzlaf, G. R., Schroeder, K. T., & Kairies, C. L. (2000). Proceedings, 17th Annual National Meeting – American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation. Tampa.
Abstract: Ten passive treatment systems, located in Pennsylvania and Maryland, have been intensively monitored for up to ten years. Influent and effluent water quality data from ten anoxic limestone drains (ALDs) and six reducing and alkalinity-producing systems (RAPS) have been analyzed to determine long-term performance for each of these specific unit operations. ALDs and RAPS are used principally to generate alkalinity, ALDs are buried beds of limestone that add alkalinity through dissolution of calcite. RAPS add alkalinity through both limestone dissolution and bacterial sulfate reduction. ALDs that received mine water containing less than 1 mg/L of both ferric iron and aluminum have continued to produce consistent concentrations of alkalinity since their construction. However, an ALD that received 20 mg/L of aluminum experienced a rapid reduction in permeability and failed within five months. Maximum levels of alkalinity (between 150 and 300 m&) appear to be reached after I5 hours of retention. All but one RAPS in this study have been constructed and put into operation only within the past 2.5 to 5 years. One system has been in operation and monitored for more than nine years. AIkalinity due to sulfate reduction was highest during the first two summers of operation. Alkalinity due to a limestone dissolution has been consistent throughout the life of the system. For the six RAPS in this study, sulfate reduction contributed an average of 28% of the total alkalinity. Rate of total alkalinity generation range from 15.6 gd''rn-'to 62.4 gd-'mL2 and were dependent on influent water quality and contact time.
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Swoboda-Colberg, N., Colberg, P., & Smith, J. L. (1994). Constructed vertical flow aerated wetlands.
Abstract: In the report, wetland technology is described in which the main reactive layer is limestone gravel (rather than organic material) which is overlain by a fine gravel filter and soil. The three-year project included laboratory and field studies. Vertical aerated wetlands, simulated by columns, constructed in the field and in the laboratory, were operated during the project. The report presents a summary of results given in previous reports and summaries of results obtained using water from Butte, MT, and field studies at the Rockford Tunnel, near Idaho Springs, CO.
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