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Wilmoth, R. C. (1973). Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Series Report. Washington: U.S. Government Print. Offfice.
Abstract: EPA 670 2 73 100 Spiral-wound reverse osmosis systems were tested on four different acid mine drainage discharges in west virginia and pennsylvania. Comparison studies were made of the hollow-fiber, tubular, and spiral-wound systems at a ferrous iron acid discharge; and of hollow-fiber and spiral-wound systems at a ferric iron acid discharge. At all sites, the limiting factor in high recovery operation was calcium sulfate insolubility. An empirical formula was developed for predicting maximum recovery. Application of reverse osmosis was demonstrated to be technically feasible for a large percentage of acid mine drainage discharges. A process called 'neutrolisis' was developed in which the reverse osmosis brine is neutralized and clarified, and the supernatant recycled to the influent to the reverse osmosis unit. In this manner, the neutrolosis process discharges only a high quality product water and a neutralized sludge. Neutrolosis recoveries as high as 98.8 percent were achieved at a ferric iron acid discharge site. (epa)
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Holmes, J., & Kreusch, E. (1972). Acid mine drainage treatment by ion exchange. Washington: U.S. Govenment Print. Office.
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Ford, C. T., & Bayer, J. F. (1973). Treatment of ferrous acid mine drainage with activated carbon. Washington: U.S. Government Print. Offfice.
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Costello, C. (2003). (U. S. E. P. A. O. of S. W. and E. R. T. I. O. W. DC, Ed.). Acid Mine Drainage – Innovative Treatment Technologies. Washington: National Network for Environmental Management Studies Program.
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Boonstra, J., van Lier, R., Janssen, G., Dijkman, H., Buisman, C. J. N., & Ballester, R. A. and A. (1999). Biological treatment of acid mine drainage. In Process Metallurgy (pp. 559–567). Volume 9, Part 2: Elsevier Science B.V.
Abstract: In this paper experience obtained with THIOPAQ technology treating Acid Mine Drainage is described. THIOPAQ Technology involves biological sulfate reduction technology and the removal of heavy metals as metal sulfide precipitates. The technology was developed by the PAQUES company, who have realised over 350 high rate biological treatment plants world wide. 5 plants specially designed for sulfate reduction are successfully operated on a continuous base (1998 status). At Budelco, a zinc refinery in the Netherlands, an acid groundwater stream is effectively treated since 1992, removing metals and sulfate. At Kennecott Utah Copper (USA) a demo plant is in operation since 1995. An acid groundwater flow is treated to remove sulfate and metals, whereas the excess sulfide is used to selectively recover copper economically. Early 1998, a demonstration project was executed at the Wheal Jane mine in Cornwall, UK. In this demonstration project it has been proven that THIOPAQ technology can effectively be used to treat the Wheal Jane Acid Mine Drainage. Relative to lime dosing technology, very high removal efficiencies of all heavy metals (including cadmium and arsenic) can be obtained.
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