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Becker, B., Graff, M., & Näveke, R. (1997). Biological Treatment of Overburden from Lignite Opencast Mining in Order to Avoid Seepage of Acid Mine Water. Proceedings, 6th International Mine Water Association Congress, Bled, Slovenia, 2, 283–291.
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Fricke, J., Blickwedel, R., & Hagerty, P. (1997). Biotreatment of metal mine waste waters; case histories. Open-File Report – US Geological Survey, Of 97-0496, 25.
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Diz, H. R. (1997). Chemical and biological treatment of acid mine drainage for the removal of heavy metals and acidity. Ph.D. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,, Blacksburg.
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Turek, M., & Gonet, M. (1997). Nanofiltration in the utilization of coal-mine brines. Desalination, 108(1-3), 171–177.
Abstract: The utilization of saline coal mine waters is considered to be the most adequate method of solving ecological problems caused by this kind of water in Poland. In the case of most concentrated waters, the so-called coalmine brines, the method of concentrating by evaporation in a twelve-stage expansion installation or vapour compression is applied, after which sodium chloride is manufactured. A considerable restriction in the utilization of coal mine brines is the high energy consumption in these methods of evaporation. An obstacle in the application of low energy evaporation processes, e.g. multi-stage flash, is the high concentration of calcium and sulfate ions in the coal mine brines. The present paper deals with the application of nanofiltration in the pretreatment of the brine. The application of nanofiltration membranes with an adequate pore size, including charged membranes, makes it possible to decrease the concentration of divalent ions in the permeate practically without any changes in the concentration of sodium chloride. Then the permeate may be concentrated in a multi-stage evaporation process, e.g. MSF, without any risk of the crystallization of gypsum. A combination of NF and MSF ought to set down the unit costs of the concentration of coal mine brines below those of mere evaporation.
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Stewart, D., Norman, T., Cordery-Cotter, S., Kleiner, R., Sweeney, E., & Nelson, J. D. (1997). Utilization of a ceramic membrane for acid mine drainage treatment. Tailings and Mine Waste '97, , 453–460.
Abstract: BASX Systems LLC has developed a treatment system based on ceramic membranes for the removal of heavy metals from an acid mine drainage stream. This stream also contained volatile organic compounds that were required to be removed prior to discharge to a Colorado mountain stream. The removal of heavy metals was greater than 99% in most cases. A decrease of 30% in chemicals required for treatment and a reduction by more than 75% in labor over a competing technology were achieved. These decreases were obtained for operating temperatures of less than 5 degrees C. This system of ceramic microfiltration is capable of treating many different types of acid mine waste streams for heavy metals removal.
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