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Larsen, H. P. (1973). Chemical Treatment Of Metal-Bearing Mine Drainage. J. Water Poll. Control Fed., 45(8), 1682–1695.
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Laspidou, C. S. (2005). Constructed wetlands technology and water quality improvement: Recent advances. Proceeding of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Vol B – Poster Presentations, , B503–B508.
Abstract: Today's demands for improved water quality in receiving waters are widespread and require the implementation of systems that are natural, low-cost and minimal-maintenance that could effectively treat polluted discharges. Wetlands are such systems and are recently receiving a lot of attention from scientists, ecologists and engineers, as they are deemed appropriate for reducing the impact of effluent and run-off on receiving waters. Since a large part of natural wetlands have been lost-about 53% of them in the United States from the 1780s to the 1980s-management options for improving receiving water quality, water reclamation and reuse involve the application of constructed wetlands technology.
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Lee, B. H. (2006). Constructed wetlands: Treatment of concentrated storm water runoff (Part A). Environmental Engineering Science, 23(2), 320–331.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to assess the treatment efficiencies for gully pot liquor of experimental vertical-flow constructed wetland filters containing Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (common reed) and filter media of different adsorption capacities. Six out of 12 filters received inflow water spiked with metals. For 2 years, hydrated nickel and copper nitrate were added to sieved gully pot liquor to simulate contaminated primary treated storm runoff. For those six constructed wetland filters receiving heavy metals, an obvious breakthrough of dissolved nickel was recorded after road salting during the first winter. However, a breakthrough of nickel was not observed, since the inflow pH was raised to eight after the first year of operation. High pH facilitated the formation of particulate metal compounds such as nickel hydroxide. During the second year, reduction efficiencies of heavy metal, 5-days at 20 degrees C N-Allylthiourea biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) improved considerably. Concentrations of BOD were frequently < 20 mg/L. However, concentrations for SS were frequently > 30 mg/L. These are the two international thresholds for secondary wastewater treatment. The BOD removal increased over time due to biomass maturation, and the increase of pH. An analysis of the findings with case-based reasoning can be found in the corresponding follow-up paper (Part B).
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Murray-Gulde, C. L. (). Contributions of Schoenoplectus californicus in a constructed wetland system receiving copper contaminated wastewater. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 163(1-4), 355–378.
Abstract: Functional roles of Schoenoplectus californicus, giant bulrush, were evaluated in an 3.2 ha (8-acre) constructed wetland treatment system receiving copper-contaminated water. The constructed wetland used in this research was designed to decrease bioavailable copper concentrations in a wastestream and eliminate associated toxicity to downstream biota by exploiting the thermodynamic processes responsible for copper speciation. This was achieved by integrating carbon, sulfur and copper biogeochemical cycles. In this system, S. californicus, which represents an integral part of the carbon cycle, provides a physical, chemical and biological role in removing metals from the aqueous phase. The specific contributions of S. californicus in this system are to provide a sustainable carbon source for removal of copper by (1) provision of an organic ligand for sorption of copper entering the system, (2) production of organic ligands through growth of S. californicus, (3) accretion of organic ligands over time due to decomposition of S. californicus detritus, and (4) use of organic carbon as an energy source for dissimilatory sulfate production. Shoots and roots of viable S. californicus sorbed 0.88% and 5.88%, respectively, of copper entering the system. The half-life of S. californicus detritus in the constructed wetland system was approximately 184 d, indicating that sufficient detritus will accrete over time, providing binding sites for copper and an energy source for bacterial metabolic processes that contribute to copper immobilization in wetland systems.
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Kuyucak, N. (1995). Conventional and new methods for treating acid mine drainage. Cami'95 – Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry, , 863–872.
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