Norton, P. J. (1992). The Control of Acid Mine Drainage with Wetlands. Mine Water Env., 11(3), 27–34.
Abstract: The recent increases in environmental legislation, especially in the USA'have meant that there is a need on behalf of the mining companies for more judicious operational planning and more thorough restoration techniques in order to reduce costs and prevent violation of the smctly enforced regulations. Water pollution is probably the greatest problem and many less enlightened operators, especially for example, in surface coal milling in Pennsylvania, have been forced into liquidation after having been unable to meet the severe restrictions on Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). The problems of AMD are also inherent in most forms of metalliferous and coal mining and also in some types of aggregate quarrying. As excavations go deeper in search of ever diminishing reserves then they are more likely to encounter groundwater which can become polluted if insufficient care is not taken. It is to be expected that the laws will also become more severe than they are at present in Europe and methods of treatment of AMD will need to be developed that are more efficient than the costly chemical methods currently used. Research by the author and others into the source of AMD pollution and its treatment with engineered wetlands and other operational methods are discussed in the paper. The methods have- the distinct benefit that they are cheap to install, are cost effective over a long period with the minimum of supervision and are environmentally acceptable to the planning and regulatory authorities.
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Aube, B. C., & Zinck, J. M. (1999). Comparison of AMD treatment processes and their impact on sludge characteristics.
Abstract: Lime neutralisation for the treatment of acid mine drainage is one of the oldest water pollution control techniques practised by the mineral industry. Several advances have been made in the process in the last thirty years, particularly with respect to discharge concentrations and sludge density. However, the impact of different treatment processes on metal leachability and sludge handling properties has not been investigated. A study of treatment sludges sampled from various water treatment plants has shown that substantial differences can be related to the treatment process and raw water composition. This study suggests that sludge densities, excess alkalinity, long-term compaction properties, metal leachability, crystallinity and cost efficiency can be affected by the neutralisation process and specific process parameters. The study also showed that the sludge density and dewatering ability is not positively correlated with particle size as previously suggested in numerous studies. The treatment process comparisons include sludge samples from basic lime treatment, the conventional High Density Sludge (HDS) Process, and the Geco HDS Process.
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Pettit, C. M., Scharer, J. M., Chambers, D. B., Halbert, B. E., Kirkaldy, J. L., & Bolduc, L. (1999). Neutral mine drainage. In D. Goldsack, N. Belzile, P. Yearwood, & G. J. Hall (Eds.), Sudbury '99; mining and the environment II; Conference proceedings. Sudbury: Sudbury Environmental.
Abstract: Acid mine drainage is recognized as a serious environmental issue at mine sites world wide. While sulphate and metal concentrations in acidic drainage can reach exceptionally high levels, these can also be elevated and of concern in neutral drainage from waste rock and tailings. “Neutral mine drainage” (NMD) has not yet received as widespread attention as acid mine drainage (AMD). The oxidation of sulphide minerals and the production of either acidic or neutral contaminated drainage is affected by many factors. This paper examines the specific factors that result in the production of “neutral mine drainage” from mine wastes. Several case studies are presented which involve predictive geochemical modelling to illustrate the possible time frame and magnitude of contaminated neutral drainage.
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Canty, G. A., & Everett, J. W. (1999). Remediation of underground mine areas through treatment with fly ash.
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Sheoran, A. S., & Sheoran, V. (2006). Heavy metal removal mechanism of acid mine drainage in wetlands: A critical review. Minerals Engineering, 19(2), 105–116.
Abstract: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing the mining industry worldwide. Water infiltrating through the metal sulphide minerals, effluents of mineral processing plants and seepage from tailing dams becomes acidic and this acidic nature of the solution allows the metals to be transported in their most soluble form. The conventional treatment technologies used in the treatment of acid mine drainage are expensive both in terms of operating and capital costs. One of the methods of achieving compliance using passive treatment systems at low cost, producing treated water pollution free, and fostering a community responsibility for acid mine water treatment involves the use of wetland treatment system. These wetlands absorb and bind heavy metals and make them slowly concentrated in the sedimentary deposits to become part of the geological cycle. In this paper a critical review of the heavy metal removal mechanism involving various physical, chemical and biological processes, which govern wetland performance, have been made. This information is important for the siting and use of wetlands for remediation of heavy metals.
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