Abstract: In temperate areas of abundant freshwater there is seldom an urgency to recycle. The statutory protection of inland waters for beneficial uses such as drinking, food processing and game fishing is requiring industries to choose recycling. A European success in this trend is a base metal mining/milling industry which, since 1977, is implementing hydraulic, hydrological, treatment and ecological studies with wastewaters and mine tailings. A model activity, located 50 km from Dublin is considered. Zinc and lead concentrates produced and exported to smelters ultimately yield approximately 194,000 t and 54,000 t of these respective metals (32 and 21 percent of European production). Water use as originally planned would have been approximately 6m(3)/t of ore milled. While ore milling increased by 25 percent to 8,500t/d in 1993, water use declined by 33 percent to 4m(3)/t. The components making up this reduction range from milling technology efficiency to greater recycling from the 165 ha tailings pond. Environmental standards, based on framework regulations originating in EU Directives, have been instrumental in achieving wastewater savings. A conclusion is the value of integrating water quantity, quality, recycling, storage, production and other factors early in project planning. Copyright (C) 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Abstract: The South African mining industry discharges relatively small quantities of mine service water to the environment, but these effluents contribute substantially to the salt load of the receiving waters. The poor quality of service water also has significant cost implications on the mining operations. Of the two main types of mine service water encountered in the gold mining industry, the so-called calcium sulphate scaling types is found in the majority of cases. Preliminary testwork on this type of water using membrane desalination processes revealed that only the seeded reverse osmosis type of process showed promise. To overcome certain process problems and high operating costs with this system, a novel membrane desalination technique incorporating seeded technology, called the SPARRO (slurry precipitation and recycle reverse osmosis) process, was developed. The novel features of the new process included; a lower linear slurry velocity in the membrane tubes, a lower seed slurry concentration, a dual pumping arrangement to a tapered membrane stack, a smaller reactor and a modified seed crystal and brine blow-down system. Evaluation of the SPARRO process and its novel features, over a five-year period, confirmed its technical viability for desalinating calcium sulphate-scaling mine water. The electrical power consumption of the process was approximately half that of previous designs, significantly improving its efficiency. Membrane performance was evaluated and was generally unsatisfactory with both fouling and hydrolysis dominating at times, although operating conditions for the membranes were not always ideal. The precise cause(s) for the membrane degradation was not established, but a mechanism for fouling (based upon the presence of turbidity in the mine water) and a hypothesis fora possible cause of hydrolysis (alluding to the presence of radionuclides in the mine water) were proposed. Product water from the SPARRO process has an estimated gross unit cost (including capital costs) of 383 c/m(3) (1994).