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Mustikkamaki, U. - P. (2000). Metallipitoisten vesien biologisesta kasittelysta Outokummun kaivoksilla. Metal content treated with biological methods at the Outokummun operation. Vuoriteollisuus = Bergshanteringen, 58(1), 44–47.
Abstract: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most serious environmental problems in the metal-mining industry. AMD is formed by the chemical and bacterial oxidation of sulphide minerals, and it is characterized by low pH values and high sulphate and metals content. The most common method to treat AMD is chemical neutralization. The chemical treatment requires high capital and operating costs and its use is problematic at the closed mines sites. Outokumpu has studied and used sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) as an alternative method for the treatment of AMD. SRB existing in many natural anaerobic aqueous environments can reduce sulphate to sulphide which precipitates metals as extremely insoluble metal sulphides. Full scale experiments were begun in summer 1995 in the Ruostesuo open pit (depth 46 m) by adding liquid manure as a source of bacteria and press-juice as a growth substrate. The average Zn content of the whole column has decreased from 3,5 mg/l to 0,8 mg/l and below 25 m zinc is 0 mg/l. Similar results have been reached with nickel in the Kotalahti old nickel mine, where bacteria were brought in 1996. We have found that the same bacterial mechanism acts in peat-limestone filters, which Outokumpu has built at several mine sites since 1993.
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Bell, A. V., & Nancarrow, D. R. (1974). Salmon and mining in northeastern New Brunswick (a summary of the northeastern New Brunswick mine water quality program). CIM Bull., 67(751), 44–53.
Abstract: It was aimed toward developing solutions to major water quality problems in the base metal mining regions of northeastern New Brunswick and specifically toward insuring that the extremely valuable fishery resources and aquatic environments of the region could be maintained in the face of existing and future base metal mining developments. The program analyzed in detail the fishery resources of the region, their water quality requirements, the mineral resources of the region and the many aspects of mining waste management at each phase of mine development. This paper describes the reasons for the initial concern and the approach adopted toward finding a solution. It briefly summarizes the important findings and recommendations made to support the conclusion that the fishery resource can be maintained and co-exist with current and future base metal mining developments in the region
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Barton, C. D., & Karathanasis, A. D. (1998). Aerobic and anaerobic metal attenuation processes in a constructed wetland treating acid mine drainage. Environ Geosci, 5(2), 43–56.
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Smyth, D., Blowes, D., Ptacek, C., & Bain, J. (2004). Application of permeable reactive barriers for treating mine drainage and dissolved metals in groundwater. Geotechnical News, 22(1), 39–44.
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Arnekleiv, J. V., & Storset, L. (1995). Downstream effects of mine drainage on benthos and fish in a Norwegian river; a comparison of the situation before and after river rehabilitation. Heavy metal aspects of mining pollution and its remediation, 52, 35–43.
Abstract: Parts of the Norwegian river Gaula are strongly polluted from former mining activity in the area. In the most polluted parts of the river the concentration levels of Cu and Zn in 1986-1987 were up to 155 mu g l (super -1) and 186 mu g l (super -1) , respectively. In 1989 the spoil heaps in the mining area were covered with protective layers of moss-covered plastic. In 1991-1992 the concentration levels of Cu and Zn had decreased by 75% and 65%, respectively. Animal life in the polluted area seemed to be strongly affected by the trace metals in 1986-1987. The 1991-1992 results showed a marked increase in the number of species and in the number of individuals of each species of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, compared with the results from 1986-87. Good correlations were found between the concentrations of Cu in the water and both the number of species and the number of individuals of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Analysis of the species Baetis rhodani, Diura nanseni and Rhyacophila nubila showed an average total dry weight content of Cu up to 264 mu g g (super -1) , of Zn up to 1930 mu g g (super -1) and of Cd up to 16 mu g g (super -1) . The contents of the three trace metals were significantly different from one species to another and in part between the stations for each species. In 1987 trout died after an exposure of one to two days on three test sites in the river, whereas in 1991-1992 40-75% of the trout survived an exposure period of several weeks at two of the sites. Electrofishing in 1991-1992 indicated recolonization of trout in the lower parts of the former affected and uninhabitable area.
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