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Gusek, J. J. (2005). Design challenges for large scale sulfate reducing bioreactors. Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water: Science in the Real World, Vol 9, 9, 33–44.
Abstract: The first large-scale (1,200 gpm capacity), sulfate-reducing; bioreactor (SRBR) was constructed in 1996 to treat water from an underground lead mine in Missouri. Other large-scale SRBR systems have been built elsewhere since then. This technology holds much promise for economically treating heavy metals and has progressed steadily from the laboratory to industrial applications. Scale-up challenges include: designing for seasonal temperature variations, minimizing short circuits, changes in metal loading rate s, storm water impacts, and resistance to vandalism. However, the biggest challenge may be designing for the progressive biological degradation of the organic substrate and its effects on the hydraulics of the SRBR cells.
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Arnekleiv, J. V. (1995). Downstream Effects Of Mine Drainage On Benthos And Fish In A Norwegian River – A Comparison Of The Situation Before And After River Rehabilitation. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 52(1-2), 35–43.
Abstract: Parts of the Norwegian river Gaula are strongly polluted from former mining activity in the area. In the most polluted parts of the river the concentration levels of Cu and Zn in 1986-1987 were up to 155 mug l-1 and 186 mug l-1, respectively. In 1989 the spoil heaps in the mining area were covered with protective layers of moss-covered plastic. In 1991-1992 the concentration levels of Cu and Zn had decreased by 75% and 65%, respectively. Animal life in the polluted area seemed to be strongly affected by the trace metals in 1986-1987. The 1991-1992 results showed a marked increase in the number of species and in the number of individuals of each species of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, compared with the results from 1986-87. Good correlations were found between the concentrations of Cu in the water and both the number of species and the number of individuals of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Analysis of the species Baetis rhodani, Diura nanseni and Rhyacophila nubila showed an average total dry weight content of Cu up to 264 mug g-1, of Zn up to 1930 mug g-1 and of Cd up to 16 mug g-1. The contents of the three trace metals were significantly different from one species to another and in part between the stations for each species. In 1987 trout died after an exposure of one to two days on three test sites in the river, whereas in 1991-1992 40-75% of the trout survived an exposure period of several weeks at two of the sites. Electrofishing in 1991-1992 indicated recolonization of trout in the lower parts of the former affected and uninhabitable area.
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Karl, D. J., Rolsten, R. F., Carmody, G. A., & Karl, M. E. (1983). Treatment of Acid-mine Drainage Water with Alkaline By-products and Lime Blends. Ohio J. Sci., 83(2), 36.
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Bell, A. V. (1975). Some Recent Experiences In Treatment Of Acidic, Metal-Bearing Mine Drainages. CIM Bull., 68(764), 39–46.
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Barton, C. D. (1999). Renovation of a failed constructed wetland treating acid mine drainage. Environmental Geology, 39(1), 39–50.
Abstract: Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned underground mines significantly impairs water quality in the Tones Branch watershed in McCreary Co., Kentucky, USA. A 1022-m(2) surface-flow wetland was constructed in 1989 to reduce the I AMD effects, however, the system failed after six months due to insufficient utilization of the treatment area, inadequate alkalinity production and metal overloading. In an attempt to improve treatment efficiencies, a renovation project was designed incorporating two anoxic limestone drains (ALDs) and a series of anaerobic subsurface drains that promote vertical now or mine water through a successive alkalinity producing system (SAPS) of limestone beds overlain by organic compost. Analytical results from the 19-month post-renovation period are very encouraging. Mean iron concentrations have decreased from 787 to 39 mg l(-1), pH increased from 3.38 to 6.46 and acidity has been reduced from 2244 to 199 mg l(-1) (CaCO3 equivalent). Mass removal rates averaged 98% for Al, 95% for Fe, 94% for acidity, 55% for sulfate and 49% for Mn during the study period. The results indicate increased alkalinity production from limestone dissolution and longer residence time have contributed to sufficient buffering and metal retention. The combination of ALDs and SAPS technologies used in the renovation and the sequence in which they were implemented within the wetland system proved to be an adequate and very promising design for the treatment of this and other sources of high metal load AMD.
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