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Angelos, M. A. F. (2000). Rehabilitation options for a Finnish copper mine. International Conference on Practical Applications in Environmental Geotechnology Ecogeo 2000, 204, 207–214.
Abstract: The Luikonlahti Copper mine is located near the town of Kaavi in eastern Finland, approximately 30 km northwest of Outokumpu. The copper sulphide ore deposit formed the northern most part of the Outokumpu assemblage. During 15 years of operation, between 1968 and 1983, a total of 33 km of underground tunnels and 5.5 km of underground shafts were excavated in the mining of 6.85 million metric tons of ore. The underground working are now flooded with 2 million m(3) of contaminated water and three open pits contain over 1 million m(3) of contaminated water. Five separate waste rock piles exist and are actively forming acid mine drainage (AMD).
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Burt, R. A., & Caruccio, F. T. (1986). The effect of limestone treatments on the rate of acid generation from pyritic mine gangue. Environmental geochemistry and health, 8, 8.
Abstract: Surface water enters the Haile Gold Mine, Lancaster County, South Carolina by means of a small stream and is ponded behind a dam and in an abandoned pit. This water is affected by acidic drainage. In spite of the large exposures of potentially acid producing pyritic rock, the flux of acid to the water is relatively low. Nevertheless, the resulting pH values of the mine water are low (around 3.5) due to negligible buffering capacity. In view of the observed low release of acidity, the potential for acid drainage abatement by limestone ameliorants appears feasible. This study investigated the effects of limestone treatment on acid generation rates of the Haile mine pyritic rocks through a series of leaching experiments. Below a critical alkalinity threshold value, solutions of dissolved limestone were found consistently to accelerate the rate of pyrite oxidation by varying degrees. The oxidation rates were further accelerated by admixing solid limestone with the pyritic rock. However, after a period of about a month, the pyrite oxidation rate of the admixed samples declined to a level lower than that of untreated pyrite. Leachates produced by the pyrite and limestone mixtures contained little if any iron. Further, in the mixtures, an alteration of the pyrite surface was apparent. The observed behaviour of the treated pyrite appears to be related to the immersion of the pyrite grains within a high alkalinity/high pH environment. The high pH increases the rate of oxidation of ferrous iron which results in a higher concentration of ferric iron at the pyrite surface. This, in turn, increases the rate of pyrite oxidation. Above a threshold alkalinity value, the precipitation of hydrous iron oxides at the pyrite surface eventually outpaces acid generation and coats the pyrite surface, retarding the rate of pyrite oxidation.
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Dugan, P. R. (1987). Prevention of formation of acid drainage from high-sulfur coal refuse by inhibition of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. II. Inhibition in run of mine refuse under simulated field conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 29(1), 6.
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Bochkarev, G. R., Beloborodov, A. V., Kondrat'ev, S. A., & Pushkareva, G. I. (1994). Intensification of Aeration in treating Natural-Water and Mine Water. J. Min. Sci., 30(6), 5.
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Ueki, K., Kotaka, K., Itoh, K., & Ueki, A. (1988). Potential availability of anaerobic treatment with digester slurry of animal waste for the reclamation of acid mine water containing sulfate and heavy metals. Journal of Fermentation Technology, 66(1).
Abstract: The use of an anaerobic digester slurry of cattle waste for the reclamation of acid mine water was examined. When the digester slurry was mixed with acid mine water, anaerobic digestion, including sulfate reduction and methanogenesis, was enhanced. In the mixture of acid mine water and the digester slurry, sulfate reduction proceeded without diminishing methanogenesis. The digester slurry and its supernatant (SDF-sup) showed a significant capacity to act as a strong alkaline reagent, and the pH of the acid mine water was markedly elevated by the addition of the digester slurry of SDF-sup even at the low ratio of 1% (v/v). Precipitation of heavy metals in the acid mine water occurred as the pH was elevated by the addition of SDF-sup. When the digester slurry was added at the ratio of 5% (v/v) to acid mine water which had been pretreated with SDF-sup, the rate of sulfate reduction increased with increasing the concentration of sulfate in the mixture up to about 1,400 mg·l-1. In acid mine water pretreated with SDF-sup and supplemented with the digester slurry at the ratio of 5% (v/v), the maximum amount of sulfate reduced within 20 d of incubation was about 1,000 mg·l-1, and the maximum rate of sulfate reduction was about 120 mg SO42-·l-1·d-1.
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