Fisher, T. S. R., & Lawrence, G. A. (2006). Treatment of acid rock drainage in a meromictic mine pit lake. Journal of environmental engineering, 132(4), 515–526.
Abstract: The Island Copper Mine pit near Port Hardy, Vancouver Island, B.C., Canada, was flooded in 1996 with seawater and capped with fresh water to form a meromictic (permanently stratified) pit lake of maximum depth 350 m and surface area 1.72 km2. The pit lake is being developed as a treatment system for acid rock drainage. The physical structure and water quality has developed into three distinct layers: a brackish and well-mixed upper layer; a plume stirred intermediate layer; and a thermally convecting lower layer. Concentrations of dissolved metals have been maintained well below permit limits by fertilization of the surface waters. The initial mine closure plan proposed removal of heavy metals by metal-sulfide precipitation via anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria, once anoxic conditions were established in the intermediate and lower layers. Anoxia has been achieved in the lower layer, but oxygen consumption rates have been less than initially predicted, and anoxia has yet to be achieved in the intermediate layer. If anoxia can be permanently established in the intermediate layer then biogeochemical removal rates may be high enough that fertilization may no longer be necessary. < copyright > 2006 ASCE.
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Fischer, R., Reissig, H., Gockel, G., Seidel, K. H., & Guderitz, T. (1998). Direkte Neutralisation und Untergrundwasserbehandlung des Restwassers im Tagebaurestsee Heide VI. Direct neutralization and treatment of deep subsoil water of the residual water in the open-pit relic lake Heide VI. Braunkohle, Surface Mining, 50(3), 273–278.
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Faulkner, B. B., Skousen, J. G., Skousen, J. G., & Ziemkiewicz, P. F. (1996). Treatment of acid mine drainage by passive treatment systems. In Acid mine drainage control and treatment. Morgantown: West Virginia University and the National Mine Land Reclamation Center.
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Evangelou, V. P. (1994). Potential microencapsulation of pyrite by artificial inducement of FePO (sub 4) coatings. In Special Publication – United States. Bureau of Mines, Report: BUMINES-SP-06B-94 (pp. 96–103). Proceedings of the International land reclamation and mine drainage conference and Third international conference on The abatement of acidic drainage; Volume 2 of 4; Mine drainage.
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Entrena, A. L., Serrano, J. R., & Villoria, A. (1988). Descontaminacion de aguas de mina con recuperacion de los metales contenidos en ellas. Decontamination of mine waters by recovering the metals contained within them VIII congreso internacional de Mineria y metalurgia; tomo 8. VIII international conference on Mining and metallurgy; Volume 8. In Congreso Internacional de Mineria y Metalurgia, vol.8 (pp. 156–173).
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