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Sastri, V. S. (1975). Reverse osmosis for the treatment of metal waste solutions. Canada Centre For Mineral And Energy Technology Scientific Bulletin, 75-07, 18.
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Sasaki, K. (2006). Immobilization of Mn(II) ions by a Mn-oxidizing fungus – Paraconiothyrium sp.-like strain at neutral pHs. Mater. Trans., 47(10), 2457–2461.
Abstract: A Mn-oxidizing fungus was isolated from a constructed wetland of Hokkaido (Japan), which is receiving the Mn-impacted drainage, and genetically and morphologically identified as Paraconiothyrium sp.-like strain. The optimum pHs were 6.45-6.64, where is more acidic than those of previously reported Mn-oxidizing fungi. Too much nutrient inhibited fungal Mn-oxidation, and too little nutrient also delayed Mn oxidation even at optimum pH. In order to achieve the oxidation of high concentrations of Mn like mine drainage containing several hundreds g-m(-3) of Mn, it is important to find the best mix ratio among the initial Mn concentrations, inocolumn size and nutrient concentration. The strain has still Mn-tolerance with more than 380 g-m(-3) of Mn, but high Mn(II) oxidation was limited by pH control and supplied nutrient amounts. The biogenic Mn deposit was poorly crystallized birnessite. The strain is an unique Mn-oxidizing fungus having a high Mn tolerance and weakly acidic tolerance, since there has been no record about the property of the strain. There is a potentiality to apply the strain to the environmental bioremediation.
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Sapsford, D., Barnes, A., Dey, M., Williams, K., Jarvis, A., & Younger, P. (2007). (R. Cidu, & F. Frau, Eds.). Water in Mining Environments. Cagliari: Mako Edizioni.
Abstract: This paper presents iron removal data from a novel low footprint mine water treatment system. The paper discusses possible design configurations and demonstrates that the system could treat 1 L/s of mine water containing 8.4 mg/L of iron to < 1 mg/L with a system footprint of 66 m2. A conventional lagoon and aerobic wetland system would require at least 160 m2 to achieve the same treatment. Other advantages of the system are that it produces a clean and dense sludge amenable to on-site storage and possible recycling and that heavy plant will generally not be required for construction.
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Sanders, F., Rahe, J., Pastor, D., & Anderson, R. (1999). Wetlands treat mine runoff. Civil Engineering, 69(1), 53–55.
Abstract: In the late 1890s, silver, lead and zinc deposits were discovered along the headwaters of the Blackfoot River, northeast of Missoula, Mont. Settlers began mining the metals in earnest, and eventually the mines became known as the Upper Blackfoot Mining Complex (UBMC). Many of the mines were operated long enough to supply metals for World War II weaponry, but after the war the mines were abandoned, and by the 1960s, their orange-tainted runoff began to concern both passersby and state officials. In 1991, the state contacted the current owners of several of those mines-including the Mike Horse and the Anaconda-to negotiate a voluntary cleanup. The American Smelting and Refining Co. (ASARCO) and the Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) agreed to remediate the sites' metal-enriched, moderately to severely acidic drainage, which was discharging into the upper Blackfoot River. As part of effort to reclaim the Mike Horse and Anaconda mines, engineers with McCulley, Frick and Gilman Inc. (MFG), Boulder, Colo., developed an integrated, passive wetland treatment system that will take several years to reach full treatment capacity in the high-elevation environment, but will last for decades. (Constructed and restored wetlands have also been part of the remediation of other UBMC mines, such as the Carbonate and Paymaster mines.) The Mike Horse and Anaconda system, designed to meet National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES) restrictions, concentrates primarily on zinc and iron and, to a lesser extent, on copper, lead and other metals.
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Rukin, N. (2003). Whittle mine water treatment system: In-river attenuation of manganese. Land Contam. Reclam., 11(2), 137–144.
Abstract: Much work has been undertaken on the design of treatment systems to remove iron from ochreous mine water discharges. Unlike iron, manganese removal is far more difficult and generally requires active chemical dosing rather than passive treatment. The need for manganese removal can therefore significantly change the economics, management attention and sustainability of a site. Understanding natural attenuation of manganese in river systems is therefore key to deciding whether (active) manganese treatment is needed to protect downstream receptors. Nuttall (2002, this volume) describes the effectiveness of the passive treatment system at Whittle in reducing both iron and manganese concentrations in ochreous mine waters. This paper discusses the results of in-river monitoring and provides evidence for manganese removal downstream of the discharge point. In addition to dilution, attenuation appears to be in the order of 20 to 50%, depending on relative rates of mine water discharge and river flows. Such attenuation means that active treatment may not be needed for the long-term operation of the Whittle scheme. Operation of the scheme commenced in July 2002, with monitoring to further examine evidence for manganese attenuation and any impact on the ecology of the recipient watercourses.
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