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Wilmoth, R. C., Mason, D. G., & Gupta, M. (1972). Treatment of ferrous iron acid mine drainage by reverse osmosis.
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Willscher, S. (2001). Loesungsansaetze zur Minderung der Umweltbelastung durch saure Grubenwaesser; I, Massnahmen zu deren Minimierung und Verfahren der aktiven Behandlung. Approaches for reducing environmental pollution by acid mine drainage; I, Mitigation measures and methods for active remediation. Vom Wasser, 97, 145–166.
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Wildeman, T. R., Bednar, A. J., Gusek, J. J., & Pinto, A. (2002). A review of the passive treatment of arsenic Hardrock mining 2002; issues shaping the industry..
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Wiessner, A., Kuschk, P., Buddhawong, S., Stottmeister, U., Mattusch, J., & Kästner, M. (2006). Effectiveness of various small-scale constructed wetland designs for the removal of iron and zinc from acid mine drainage under field conditions. Engineering in Life Sciences, 6(6), 584–592.
Abstract: A system of planted and implanted small-scale SSF (subsurface flow) and SF (surface flow) constructed wetlands together with HP (hydroponic systems) were installed to compare the removal efficiencies of Fe and Zn from AMD (acid mine drainage) under long-term field conditions. Maximum removal of 94 % – 97 % (116 mg/m(exp 2)/d – 142 mg/m(exp 2)/d) for Fe and 69 % – 77 % (6.2 mg/m(exp 2)/d – 7.9 mg/m(exp 2)/d) for Zn was calculated for the planted soil systems. The planted SSF was most sensitive to heavy rain fall. Short-term increases of the metal concentration in the outflows, short-term breakdowns of the Fe removal and continual long-term breakdowns of the Zn removal were observed. In contrast to Zn removal, all wetland types are applicable for Fe removal with maximum removal in the range of 60 % – 98 %. Most of the removed Fe and Zn was transformed and deposited inside the soil bed. The amount absorbed by the plants (0.03 % to 0.3 %) and gravel-associated soil beds (0.03 % to 1.7 %) of the total input were low for both metals. The response of the planted SSF to rainfall suggests a remobilisation of metals accumulated inside the rhizosphere and the importance of buffering effects of the surface water layers of SF systems. The importance of plants for metal removal was shown.
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Wieder, R. K. (1989). A survey of constructed wetlands for acid coal mine drainage treatment in the Eastern United States. Wetlands, 9(2), 299–315.
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