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Schoeman, J.J.; Steyn, A. |
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Investigation into alternative water treatment technologies for the treatment of underground mine water discharged by Grootvlei Proprietary Mines Ltd into the Blesbokspruit in South Africa |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Desalination |
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133 |
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1 |
Pages |
13-30 |
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Keywords |
underground mine water treatment technologies reverse osmosis electrodialysis reversal ion-exchange water quality brine disposal treatment costs |
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Abstract |
Grootvlei Proprietary Mines Ltd is discharging between 80 and 100 Ml/d underground water into the Blesbokspruit. This water is pumped out of the mine to keep the underground water at such a level as to make mining possible. The water is of poor quality because it contains high TDS levels (2700-3800 mg/l) including high concentrations of iron, manganese, sulphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and chloride. This water will adversely affect the water ecology in the Blesbokspruit, and it will significantly increase the TDS concentration of one of the major water resources if not treated prior to disposal into the stream. Therefore, alternative water desalination technologies were evaluated to estimate performance and the economics of the processes for treatment of the mine water. It was predicted that water of potable quality should be produced from the mine water with spiral reverse osmosis (SRO). It was demonstrated that it should be possible to reduce the TDS of the mine water (2000-2700-3400-4500 mg/l) to potable standards with SRO (85% water recovery). The capital costs (pretreatment and desalination) for a 80 Ml/d plant (worst-case water) were estimated at US$35M. Total operating costs were estimated at 88.1c/kl. Brine disposal costs were estimated at US$18M. Therefore, the total capital costs are estimated at US$53M. It was predicted that it should be possible to produce potable water from the worst-case feed water (80 Ml/d) with the EDR process. It was demonstrated that the TDS in the feed could be reduced from 4178 to 246 mg/l in the EDR product (65% water recovery). The capital costs (pretreatment plus desalination) to desalinate the worst-case feed water to potable quality with EDR is estimated at US$53.3M. The operational costs are estimated at 47.6 c/kl. Brine disposal costs were estimated at US$42M. Therefore, the total capital costs are estimated at US$95.3 M. It was predicted that it should be possible to produce potable water from the mine water with the GYP-CIX ion- exchange process. It was demonstrated that the feed TDS (2000- 4500 mg/l) could be reduced to less than 240 mg/l (54% water recovery for the worst-case water). The capital cost for an 80 Ml/d ion-exchange plant (worst-case water) was estimated at US$26.7M (no pretreatment). Operational costs were estimated at 60.4 c/kl. Brine disposal costs were estimated at US$55.1M. Therefore, the total desalination costs were estimated at US$81.8M. The capital outlay for a SRO plant will be significantly less than that for either an EDR or a GYP-CIX plant. The operating costs, however, of the RO plant are significantly higher than for the other two processes. Potable water sales, however, will bring more in for the RO process than for the other two processes because a higher water recovery can be obtained with RO. The operating costs minus the savings in water sales were estimated at 17.2; 6.7 and US$8.6M/y for the RO, EDR and GYP-CIX processes, respectively (worst case). Therefore, the operational costs of the EDR and GYP-CIX processes are the lowest if the sale of water is taken into consideration. This may favour the EDR and GYP-CIX processes for the desalination of the mine water. |
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0011-9164 |
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Feb. 10; Investigation into alternative water treatment technologies for the treatment of underground mine water discharged by Grootvlei Proprietary Mines Ltd into the Blesbokspruit in South Africa; Isi:000167087500002; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/10184.pdf; AMD ISI | Wolkersdorfer |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 17480 |
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23 |
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Van Hille, R.P.; Boshoff, G.A.; Rose, P.D.; Duncan, J.R. |
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Title |
A continuous process for the biological treatment of heavy metal contaminated acid mine water |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Resour. Conserv. Recycl. |
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27 |
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1-2 |
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157-167 |
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mine water treatment biological treatment heavy metal acid mine water alkaline precipitation green-algae chlorella |
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Alkaline precipitation of heavy metals from acidic water streams is a popular and long standing treatment process. While this process is efficient it requires the continuous addition of an alkaline material, such as lime. In the long term or when treating large volumes of effluent this process becomes expensive, with costs in the mining sector routinely exceeding millions of rands annually. The process described below utilises alkalinity generated by the alga Spirulina sp., in a continuous system to precipitate heavy metals. The design of the system separates the algal component from the metal containing stream to overcome metal toxicity. The primary treatment process consistently removed over 99% of the iron (98.9 mg/l) and between 80 and 95% of the zinc (7.16 mg/l) and lead (2.35 mg/l) over a 14-day period (20 l effluent treated). In addition the pH of the raw effluent was increased from 1.8 to over 7 in the post-treatment stream. Secondary treatment and polishing steps depend on the nature of the effluent treated. In the case of the high sulphate effluent the treated stream was passed into an anaerobic digester at a rate of 4 l/day. The combination of the primary and secondary treatments effected a removal of over 95% of all metals tested for as well as a 90% reduction in the sulphate load. The running cost of such a process would be low as the salinity and nutrient requirements for the algal culture could be provided by using tannery effluent or a combination of saline water and sewage. This would have the additional benefit of treating either a tannery or sewage effluent as part of an integrated process. |
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0921-3449 |
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Jul; A continuous process for the biological treatment of heavy metal contaminated acid mine water; Isi:000081142100017; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/9937.pdf; AMD ISI | Wolkersdorfer |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 9937 |
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26 |
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Jarvis, A.P.; Younger, P.L. |
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Passive treatment of ferruginous mine waters using high surface area media |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Water Res. |
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35 |
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15 |
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3643-3648 |
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mine water treatment passive treatment mine water accretion oxidation iron manganese water treatment |
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Rapid oxidation and accretion of iron onto high surface area media has been investigated as a potential passive treatment option for ferruginous, net-alkaline minewaters. Two pilot-scale reactors were installed at a site in County Durham, UK. Each 2.0m high cylinder contained different high surface area plastic trickling filter media. Ferruginous minewater was fed downwards over the media at various flow-rates with the objective of establishing the efficiency of iron removal at different loading rates. Residence time of water within the reactors was between 70 and 360s depending on the flow-rate (1 and 12l/min, respectively). Average influent total iron concentration for the duration of these experiments was 1.43mg/l (range 1.08-1.84mg/l; n=16), whilst effluent iron concentrations averaged 0.41mg/l (range 0.20-1.04mg/l; n=15) for Reactor A and 0.38mg/l (range 0.11-0.93mg/l; n=16) for Reactor B. There is a strong correlation between influent iron load and iron removal rate. Even at the highest loading rates (approximately 31.6g/day) 43% and 49% of the total iron load was removed in Reactors A and B, respectively. At low manganese loading rates (approximately 0.50-0.90g/day) over 50% of the manganese was removed in Reactor B. Iron removal rate (g/m3/d) increases linearly with loading rate (g/day) up to 14g/d and the slope of the line indicates that a mean of 85% of the iron is removed. In conclusion, it appears that the oxidation and accretion of ochre on high surface area media may be a promising alternative passive technology to constructed wetlands at certain sites. |
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0043-1354 |
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Oct; Passive treatment of ferruginous mine waters using high surface area media; 9; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/9698.pdf; AMD ISI | Wolkersdorfer |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 9698 |
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27 |
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Masarczyk, J.; Hansson, C.H.; Solomon, R.L.; Hallmans, B. |
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Title |
Desalination Plant at Kwk-debiensko, Poland – Advanced Mine Drainage Water-treatment Engineering for Zero Discharge |
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Journal Article |
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1989 |
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Desalination |
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75 |
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1-3 |
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259-287 |
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mine water treatment |
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The river water in Poland has, to a great extent, such a high salinity that it cannot be used as drinking water, agricultural or industrial water. A large environmental project is now under progress in Katowice, Poland, in order to eliminate the wastewater discharge from two coal mines — Debiensko and Budryk. The highly brackish water will be desalinated in a reverse osmosis plant, followed by vapor compression distillation with seed crystals (RCC), crystallization and sodium chloride drying. This zero discharge process will produce about 8,000 m3/d drinking water an 370 tonnes/d NaCl. The paper describes the design of the plant. Trial operation of pre-treatment and reverse osmosis in a pilot plant for design of the full-scale plant at Debiensko is described in a separate paper. |
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0011-9164 |
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Desalination Plant at Kwk-debiensko, Poland – Advanced Mine Drainage Water-treatment Engineering for Zero Discharge; Isi:A1989cf92100018; AMD ISI | Wolkersdorfer |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 9786 |
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28 |
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Turek, M.; Gonet, M. |
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Nanofiltration in the utilization of coal-mine brines |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Desalination |
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108 |
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1-3 |
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171-177 |
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Entsalzung Entsalzungsanlage Umkehrosmose Membran Kohlenbergwerk Natriumchlorid Abwasser Verdampfung Energieverbrauch Nanofiltration mine water treatment |
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The utilization of saline coal mine waters is considered to be the most adequate method of solving ecological problems caused by this kind of water in Poland. In the case of most concentrated waters, the so-called coalmine brines, the method of concentrating by evaporation in a twelve-stage expansion installation or vapour compression is applied, after which sodium chloride is manufactured. A considerable restriction in the utilization of coal mine brines is the high energy consumption in these methods of evaporation. An obstacle in the application of low energy evaporation processes, e.g. multi-stage flash, is the high concentration of calcium and sulfate ions in the coal mine brines. The present paper deals with the application of nanofiltration in the pretreatment of the brine. The application of nanofiltration membranes with an adequate pore size, including charged membranes, makes it possible to decrease the concentration of divalent ions in the permeate practically without any changes in the concentration of sodium chloride. Then the permeate may be concentrated in a multi-stage evaporation process, e.g. MSF, without any risk of the crystallization of gypsum. A combination of NF and MSF ought to set down the unit costs of the concentration of coal mine brines below those of mere evaporation. |
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0011-9164 |
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Feb; Nanofiltration in the utilization of coal-mine brines; Wos:A1997wk45600023; Times Cited: 1; file:///C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Stefan/Eigene%20Dateien/Artikel/8724.pdf; ISI Web of Science |
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CBU @ c.wolke @ 8724 |
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