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Gazea, B., Adam, K., & Kontopoulos, A. (1996). A review of passive systems for the treatment of acid mine drainage. Minerals Engineering, 9(1), 23–42.
Abstract: This review presents the current state of development of the passive mine water treatment technologies. The background of passive treatment is reviewed and the chemical and biological processes involved in metals removal and acidity neutralisation are detailed. The types of currently existing passive treatment technologies and their applicability range as defined by the mine water chemistry are presented. Finally, the performance of passive systems constructed for the treatment of acid mine drainage from both coal and sulphide metal mines is summarised.
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Banks, S. B. (2003). The UK coal authority minewater-treatment scheme programme: Performance of operational systems. Jciwem, 17(2), 117–122.
Abstract: This paper summarises the performance of minewater-treatment schemes which are operated under the Coal Authority's National Minewater Treatment Programme. Commonly-used design criteria and performance indicators are briefly discussed, and the performance of wetland systems which are operated by the Coal Authority is reviewed. Most schemes for which data are available remove more than 90% iron, and average area-adjusted iron-removal rates range from 1.5 to 5.5 g Fe/m(2). d. These values, which are based on performance calculations, can be distorted by several factors, including the practice of maximising wetland areas to make best use of available land. Removal rates are limited by influent iron loadings, and area-adjusted iron-removal rates should be used with caution when assessing wetland performance. Sizing criteria for all types of treatment system might be refined if more detailed data become available.
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Coulton, R., Bullen, C., & Hallett, C. (2003). The design and optimisation of active mine water treatment plants. Land Contam. Reclam., 11(2), 273–280.
Abstract: This paper provides a 'state of the art' overview of active mine water treatment. The paper discusses the process and reagent selection options commonly available to the designer of an active mine water treatment plant. Comparisons are made between each of these options, based on technical and financial criteria. The various different treatment technologies available are reviewed and comparisons made between conventional precipitation (using hydroxides, sulphides and carbonates), high density sludge processes and super-saturation precipitation. The selection of reagents (quick lime, slaked lime, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and proprietary chemicals) is considered and a comparison made on the basis of reagent cost, ease of use, final effluent quality and sludge settling criteria. The choice of oxidising agent (air, pure oxygen, peroxide, etc.) for conversion of ferrous to ferric iron is also considered. Whole life costs comparisons (capital, operational and decommissioning) are made between conventional hydroxide precipitation and the high density sludge process, based on the actual treatment requirements for four different mine waters.
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Sapsford, D., Barnes, A., Dey, M., Williams, K., Jarvis, A., & Younger, P. (2007). (R. Cidu, & F. Frau, Eds.). Water in Mining Environments. Cagliari: Mako Edizioni.
Abstract: This paper presents iron removal data from a novel low footprint mine water treatment system. The paper discusses possible design configurations and demonstrates that the system could treat 1 L/s of mine water containing 8.4 mg/L of iron to < 1 mg/L with a system footprint of 66 m2. A conventional lagoon and aerobic wetland system would require at least 160 m2 to achieve the same treatment. Other advantages of the system are that it produces a clean and dense sludge amenable to on-site storage and possible recycling and that heavy plant will generally not be required for construction.
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Curi, A. C., Granda, W. J. V., Lima, H. M., & Sousa, W. T. (2006). Zeolites and their application in the decontamination of mine waste water. Informacion Tecnologica, 17(6), 111–118.
Abstract: This paper describes the genesis, structure and classification of natural zeolites, including their most relevant properties such as porosity, adsorption and ionic exchange. The use of natural zeolites in the treatment of effluents containing heavy metals is reviewed based on current literature. These uses are focused on mineral-metallurgical effluents and mercury pollution related to artisan mining activities. The study shows that natural zeolites are efficient in removal of heavy metals in metal mining effluents, can be produced and improved at a low cost, and can also be used to adsorb mercury vapors from ovens used to fire amalgams.
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