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Anonymous. (1994). Gewässerschutz im Tagebau – sauberes Wasser in den Bach. Steinbruch und Sandgrube, 87(4), 32–33.
Abstract: In Tontagebauen sammelt man die durch Tonteilchen verunreinigten Niederschlagsmengen am tiefsten Punkt des Tagebaus und pumpt sie zur Reinigung ab, bevor sie dem normalen Wasserkreislauf wieder zugeführt werden. Die sedimentative Reinigung geschieht durch Tagebausumpf, Beruhigungsbecken und Absetzbecken mit Gegenstromprinzip. Im Tagebau Ludwig Hirsch der Firma Fuchs treten saubere, klare Niederschlagswässer oberflächennah am Tagebaurand aus. Sie werden zwischenzeitlich in Betonschächten gefaßt und über den nahen Vorfluter einem Gewässer dritter Ordnung zugeleitet. Damit werden die Erosion der Tagebauböschung verhindert, der Zentralsumpf entlastet und die Verschleißkosten an Pumpen reduziert. Die Pumpenschächte des Klarwassers werden in die Rückverfüllung eingebunden und so ausgebaut, daß langfristig ein störungsfreies Zufließen gewährleistet ist. Zum Schluß der Rekultivierung werden sie verfüllt.
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Mosher, J. (1994). Heavy-metal sludges as smelter feedstock. Engineering and Mining Journal, 195(9), 25–30.
Abstract: Many industries produce a waste-water stream high in heavy metals. Disposal of sludge from these wastewater treatment plants has become increasingly difficult and expensive in the US due to passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act's 'land disposal ban' for hazardous wastes. Innovative methods can be found for dealing with such wastes. For example, in performing a mandated clean-up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), Asarco's California Gulch water-treatment plant in Colorado meets CERCLA clean-up goals while using a waste water treatment sludge as a smelter feedstock, recovering incidental saleable metals, and producing non-hazardous products. In this plant, Asarco treats acidic mine-drainage water having high metal concentrations and uses the waste sludge generated as a lime replacement in lead smelting operations. -Author
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Hedin, R. S., Nairn, R. W., & Kleinmann, R. L. P. (1994). Passive Treatment of Coal Mine Drainage. Bureau of Mines Information Circular, Ic-9389, 1–35.
Abstract: Passive methods of treating mine water utilize chemical and biological processes that decrease metal concentrations and neutralize acidity. Compared to conventional chemical treatment, passive methods generally require more land area, but utilize less costly reagents and require less operational attention and maintenance. Currently, three types of passive technologies exist: aerobic wetlands, wetlands that contain an organic substrate, and anoxic limestone drains. Aerobic wetlands promote mixed oxidation and hydrolysis reactions, and are most effective when the raw mine water is net alkaline. Organic substrate wetlands promote anaerobic bacterial activity that results in the precipitation of metal sulfides and the generation of bicarbonate alkalinity. Anoxic limestone drains generate bicarbonate alkalinity and can be useful for the pretreatment of mine water before it flows into a wetland. Rates of metal and acidity removal for passive systems have been developed empirically. Aerobic wetlands remove Fe and Mn from alkaline water at rates of 10-20 g×m-2×d-1 and 0.5-1.0 g×m-2×d-1, respectively.
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Ericsson, B., & Hallmans, B. (1994). Treatment and Disposal of Saline Waste-water from Coal-mines in Poland. Desalination, 98(1-3), 239–248.
Abstract: Some Polish coal mines are reviewed with respect to the disposal of saline wastewater into rivers and its environmental impact. The drainage water from mines has a daily contribution of, in the order of magnitude, 6,500 tons chlorides (Cl-) and 0.5 tons sulphates (SO42-) to the rivers Wisla and Odra. The river Wisla contributes to about 55 % of the water resources in Poland. This report is based on a part of a commission for the Ministry of Environmental Protection, National Resources and Forestry ofPoland by COWI-VBB VIAK joint venture.Different treatment and disposal schemes are described and compared from a technical-economical point of view, out of which methods for desalination with zero discharge as well as deep well injection are the most promising ones.The desalination methods include reverse osmosis (RO) plant, thermal powered desalination and crystallization plant as well as facilities for dewatering and drying of sodium chloride (NaCl) to be sold in Poland and/or on the export market, The valuable main products are potable water, boiler feed water and sodium chloride. A special problem in this connection may be the radioactivity in the wastewater from some of the mines. Special treatment methods for radioactivity removal in the selected treatment and disposal scheme for the mine wastewater are discussed with respect to the effects of radioactivity on the saleability of the recovered salt. In addition methods for recovery of the by-products magnesium hydroxide, iodine and bromine are considered from the point of view of economy and environmental protection.Finally, the desalination project in Katowice for the coal mines Debiensko and Budryk is now in the end of the construction phase. Some modifications of the original design ace shown.
Keywords: mine water
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Stark, L. R., & Williams, F. M. (1994). The roles of spent mushroom substrate for the mitigation of coal mine drainage. Compost Science and Utilization, 2(4), 84–94.
Abstract: Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has been used widely in coal mining regions of the USA as the primary substrate in constructed wetlands for the treatment of coal mine drainage. In laboratory and mesocosm studies, SMS has emerged as one of the substrates for mine water treatment. Provided the pH of the mine water does not fall below 3.0, SMS can be used in the mitigation plan. However, neither Mn nor dissolved ferric Fe appears to be treatable using reducing SMS wetlands. Since after a few years much of the nonrefractive organic carbon in SMS wil have been decomposed and metabolized, carbon supplementation can significantly extend the life of the SMS treatment wetland and improve water treatment. -from Authors
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